Color of Tomato Fruits.

加工用トマトは一般に色調が優れており, 特にリコピン含量の高いものが良好である.リコピンはベンゾールによって容易に抽出され, これを比色分析する事によって簡単に定量出来る.リコピンは加工の際の加熱により一部変化をうけ, 色調は低下する.その変化の程度は加熱温度よりも加熱時間により大きく影響される.加熱により糖成分が変化をうけ褐変化反応がおこり, 色調に劣化に大きい影響を与える.1. Tomato fruits, belonging to the processing species, has better color than the vegetable species, because they have higher contents of lycopene. 2. Lycopene can be easily extracted by benzol and rapidly determined by the colorimetric analysis. 3. Lycopene is reacted by the heat of processing and then the color. fades. 4. Sugar components also react the heat, and then the browning reaction is observed and as a result the cobor tone is affected

Cell-growth phase-dependent promoter replacement approach for improved poly(lactate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate) production in Escherichia coli

Abstract Escherichia coli is a useful platform for producing valuable materials through the implementation of synthetic gene(s) derived from other organisms. The production of lactate (LA)-based polyester poly[LA-co-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB)] was carried out in E. coli using a set of five other species-derived genes: Pseudomonas sp. 61-3-derived phaC1STQK (for polymerization), Cupriavidus necator-derived phaAB (for 3HB-CoA generation), and Megasphaera elsdenii-derived pct (for LA-CoA generation) cloned into pTV118NpctphaC1ps(ST/QK)AB. Here, we aimed to optimize the expression level and timing of these genes to improve the production of P(LA-co-3HB) and to manipulate the LA fraction by replacing the promoters with various promoters in E. coli. Evaluation of the effects of 21 promoter replacement plasmids revealed that the phaC1STQK-AB operon is critical for the stationary phase for P(LA-co-3HB) production. Interestingly, the effects of the promoters depended on the composition of the medium. In glucose-supplemented LB medium, the dps promoter replacement plasmid resulted in the greatest effect, increasing the accumulation to 8.8 g/L and an LA fraction of 14.1 mol% of P(LA-co-3HB), compared to 2.7 g/L and 8.1 mol% with the original plasmid. In xylose-supplemented LB medium, the yliH promoter replacement plasmid resulted in the greatest effect, with production of 5.6 g/L and an LA fraction of 40.2 mol% compared to 3.6 g/L and 22.6 mol% with the original plasmid. These results suggest that the selection of an appropriate promoter for expression of the phaC1STQK-AB operon could improve the production and LA fraction of P(LA-co-3HB). Here, we propose that the selection of cell-growth phase-dependent promoters is a versatile biotechnological strategy for effective intracellular production of polymeric materials such as P(LA-co-3HB), in combination with the selection of sugar-based carbon sources

Measurements of intensity of produced light in water during irradiations of electron beams with energies above and below the Cerenkov-light threshold

Luminescence of water during irradiation with particles having energies below the Cerenkov-light threshold was recently found for various types of radiations. However, the relation between the intensities of Cerenkov light and of the luminescence of water at the beam energy below the Cherenkov threshold is not well known. To clarify this point, we measured the produced light irradiating a water sample with electron beams having maximum energies above and below the Cerenkov-light threshold. The intensities of light during irradiation of electron beams with different energies increased rapidly at higher energy than ~260 keV while very small intensity was observed at the beam energy below the Cerenkov-light threshold. We conclude that the intensities of light produced in water during irradiation of electron beams with energies below the Cherenkov threshold from the luminescence of water are much lower than those of Cerenkov light

Desorption behavior of Fukushima-derived radiocesium in sand collected from Yotsukura Beach in Fukushima prefecture

Author Posting. © The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nagao, S., Terasaki, S., Ochiai, S., Fukushi, K., Tomihara, S., Charette, M. A., & Buesseler, K. O. Desorption behavior of Fukushima-derived radiocesium in sand collected from Yotsukura Beach in Fukushima prefecture. Analytical Sciences, 36(5), (2020): 569-575, doi:10.2116/analsci.19SBP08.Beach sand samples were collected along a coastal area 32 km south of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, 5 years after the FDNPP accident. Desorption experiments were performed on the sand samples using seawater in a batch experimental system to understand the forms of existence of radiocesium in sand and their desorption behavior in a coastal environment. The percentage of radiocesium desorption decreased exponentially with an increase in the number of desorption experiments for the four sand samples, with 137Cs radioactivity from 16 to 1077 Bq kg−1 at surface and deeper layers from three sites. Total desorption percentage ranged from 19 to 58% in 12 desorption experiments. The results indicate that the weak adsorption varies with the sampling sites and their depth layer. To understand the desorption behavior of radiocesium in the sand samples, the desorption experiments were performed for a sand sample by using natural and artificial seawater, and NaCl solution in the presence and absence of KCl. The 137Cs desorption from the sand collected at a depth of 100 – 105 cm from the ground surface (137Cs radioactivity 1052 ± 25 Bq kg−1) was 0.1% by ultrapure water, 3.7% by 1/4 seawater and 7.1% by 1/2 seawater, 2.2% by 470 mM NaCl solution (corresponding to a similar concentration of seawater) and 10 – 12% by seawater, artificial seawater and 470 mM NaCl + 8 mM KCl solution. These results indicate that about 10% of radiocesium adsorbed on the sand is mainly desorbed by ion exchange of potassium ion in seawater, though the concentration of major cation, or sodium ion, in seawater makes a small contribution on 137Cs desorption from the sand samples.This study was partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid for scientific research (2411008) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. We thank Kousuke Yoshida, Maxi Castrillejo and Nuria Casacuberta for the help with beach sampling

Imaging of monochromatic beams by measuring secondary electron bremsstrahlung for carbon-ion therapy using a pinhole x-ray camera

A feasibility study on the imaging of monochromatic carbon-ion beams for carbon-ion therapy was performed. The evaluation was based on Monte Carlo simulations and beam-irradiation experiments, using a pinhole x-ray camera, which measured secondary electron bremsstrahlung (SEB). The simulation results indicated that the trajectories of the carbon-ion beams with injection energies of 278, 249 and 218 MeV/u in a water phantom, were clearly imaged by measuring the SEB with energies from 30 to 60 keV, using a pinhole camera. The Bragg-peak positions for these three injection energies were located at the positions where the ratios of the counts of SEB acquisitions to the maximum counts were approximately 0.23, 0.26 and 0.29, respectively. Moreover, we experimentally demonstrated that it was possible to identify the Bragg-peak positons, at the positions where the ratios coincided with the simulation results. However, the estimated Bragg-peak positions for the injection energies of 278 and 249 MeV/u were slightly deeper than the expected positions. In conclusion, for both the simulations and experiments, we found that the 25-mm shifts in the Bragg-peak positions can be observed by this method

Estimation of shifts of therapeutic carbon-ion beams owing to cavities in a polyethylene target by measuring prompt X-ray images

We evaluated an estimation ability of shifts of therapeutic carbon-ion beams owing to cavities in a polyethylene target by measuring prompt X-rays emitted from beam trajectories. Carbon-12 beams having the energy of 241.5 MeV/u were irradiated on a polyethylene target. The target had a square-prism-shaped cavity in it. The thickness of the cavity was changed from 3.0 to 0.0 cm with 0.3-cm steps. For each setup of the cavity, 7.5 × 10^10 carbon ions were irradiated. A pinhole-type X-ray camera was placed beside the target and utilized to acquire the beam images. The beam trajectory and a gap on the trajectory clearly appeared in the acquired images. The actual beam shifts well coincided with the estimated beam shifts from the acquired images. The maximum fluctuation of the estimated shifts was approximately 0.2 cm. It was confirmed that the internal cavity can be imaged and the range can be accurately evaluated