Investigation of different levels of glycerol on cyst hatching percentage, total length and survival of Phallocryptus spinosa and Artemia franciscana

Artemia and fairy shrimps due to propitious size and wide distribution throughout the world, purvey ample feed resources with relatively favorable nutritional value to profitable aquatic species. Ambient water physical-chemical properties affect the biological function of zooplanctonic cysts. Glycerol is an alcoholic compound which is soluble in water and it  has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for solubility in water. There is a relationship between the presence of free glycerol in water and cysts metabolic rate and dormancy duration. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of free glycerol in the hatchery water on hatching percentage, total length of nauplius and mortality rate of Phallocryptus spinosa and Artemia franciscana cysts. In this experiment, four triplicate treatments including 0% (control), 0.1%, 1% and 10% of glycerol were used on A. franciscana and P. spinosa hatchery water for 48 hours and 72 hours, respectively. The results revealed that 0.1% glycerol was the most efficient level for hatching percentage of P. spinosa cysts with 28.86±1.6%. Also, the size of total length of newly hatched nauplii in this treatment was 0.75±0.08 mm that was significantly greater than the other treatments (P≤0.05); there was no significant difference in the mortality percentage between this treatment and the control treatment. In A. franciscana, the highest hatching rate (68.33±4.71%) and nauplius length (0.90±0.08 mm) were recorded in the 1% glycerol treatment. According to the results, glycerol at 0.1% level for P. spinosa and 1% level for A. franciscana are suitable in the cysts hatching media to increase hatching rate and nauplii performance. Our work could contribute to a better understanding of the hatching biology of dormant life stages in zooplanctonic crustaceans

The study of possible biotechniques and normative to production some species of Anostraca (Phallocryptus spinosa)

This project was carried out in order to determine the hatching conditions and laboratory culture methods of Fairy Shrimps (Phallocryptus spinosa). Physico- chemical factors and phytoplankton of natural habitat of this organism was investigated in Khasellou region around Azarshahr – East Azarbaijan province. The results showed that occurance and growth of fairy shrimps in their habitates were beginning from early Aprill and their survival was decreased with increasing temperature, precipitation and increasing the salinity of their culture medium. Then they disappeared. Their habitat phytoplankton contained 3 phylla and 10 genera, from which green algae enjoyed the greatest density in May. The pool salinity was around 20-17 g/l, when metanauplii was observed in early spring. In the pool containing and without fairy shrimps the oxygen concentration was high (9 mg/l) and low (2.9 mg/l), respectively. In 9 prawn ornamental fish genera, feeding with fairy shrimp showed a significant higher fecundity and hatching percentage compared to manual diets (cow liver, spinach). In all groups fed with fairy shrimp the duration of spawning time were reduced from 15 to 8-10 days and the color was enhanced. The means of cyst number per captured female also, cyst, decapsulated cyst and Naupilli diameters were mesured 142.9±19.0 cysts, 273.2±4.9µ, 242.4±3.8µ and 542.6±27.0 µ, respectively. The hatching rate was increased by reducing temperature and salinity of their culture mediums from 25 to 15 ◦C , and 28 to 18 g/l, respectively. The highest hatching was observed on 5th day at 15 ◦C and 18 g/l (5, 33 %). In addition, low but multiple hatching was observed. Therefore, water temperature and salinity affected hatching rate in this species. The hatching success of Phallocryptus spinosa cysts was better when collecting cysts together with dry sediments of their habitat without separation sensitive cysts. In addition to cold keeping and freezing, the hydration – dehydration method caused more diapause deactivation for hatching induction. The laboratory results revealed that the survival of fairy shrimps were highest at 15 ◦C (42%) and lowest at 25◦C (26%), respectively. Also, their life was inhibited in 30◦C. In different salinities, the mean survival rate were 26% (Salinity= 15 g/l) and 20% (Salinity= 25 g/l), respectively. The mean survival percentage of Phallocryptus spinosa cultured in natural habitat water (64.3%) was higher than aerated tap water (23, 3 %). Also, feeding with Nanochlorepsis caused higher survival rates. On the other hand, Beakers yeast caused higher mortality rates. Therefore, regarding to relatively high sensitivity of these species to physico– chemical and nutritional conditions of their culture medium, it is better to culture these species with expansion of their natural habitat in order to preserve their biodiversity, culture and increase stocking density with regard to environmental considerations

Comparative study of goldfish growth and survival rate feeding by fairy shrimp (Phallocryptus spinosa), Artemia and concentrate diet

The diet quality and type has a great role in aquatic animals and leads to increase of resistance against diseases and good growth. Cultured andornamental fish do not access to live and selected food due to captivity condition. Threfore, they should be provided with complete diet similar to natural food in captive condition. Carotenoid pigments are responsible of flesh pigmentation of edible fish and skin color of ornamental fish. The accumulation of this pigments in fish tissue has a greate importance in marketing and hence due to lack of its synthesis, carotenoids shoud be added to diet of cultured fish. As the synthetic carotenoids are harmful to the environment , there is a greate interest to use natural carotenoids in ornamental fish diets to obtain bright color. This study was carried out to compare the effects of diets containing Artemia urmiana and Phallocryptus spinosa supplements and commercial feed on growth and survival of goldfish fingerlings, quality of skin color, amounts of total carotenoids, Astaxantin, Canthaxantin and beta-carotene inCultured Carassius auratus during 90 days. The culture medium were contained glass aquaria in controlled condition and suitable for goldfish growth with 12 L: 12 D photoperiod and water temperature of 28±1 oC 3 test groups were included: treatment 1 fed with concentrate diet , treatment 2 fed with concentrate and frizzed Phallocryptus spinosa with tha same concentrations and treatment 3 fed with concentrate and frizzed Artemia urmiana with the same concentrations . Each treatment contains 2 replications and each replication consisted of 30 goldfish. In this study, The amounts of total carotenoids using spectrophotometer modelWPA, astaxantin, canthaxantin and beta-carotene using HPLC model Younglin, UK, were determined in the skin of Carassius auratus at the end of the exprement period. The results revealed that the most growth rate (GR), specific growth rate and condition factor (CF) were 0.11 ±0.006, 0.34 ± 0.015 and 3.96 ± 0.10, respectively which due to treatment 3 and the most weight gain and length gain including 8.57± 1.18g and 31.54± 3.33 mm, respectively due to treatment 2 .During rearing period, there was not any significant difference among treatments (p>0.05). The analysis of obtained data showed that there was a significant difference between diets containing live food and concentrate diet (p<0.05). The results revealed that live food enhanced skin color of Carassius auratus compared to concentrate diet. Also, the most pigmentation obtained from the diet contained fairy shrimp. As, in concentrate, concentrate and fairy shrimps, concentrate and Artemia diets amounts of total carotenoids at 450 nm wave length were 1.09, 3.90 and 2.07 mg/100, asthaxantin were 84.57, 205.82 and 102.24 ng/g and canthaxanthin were 0.24, 35.79 and 30.64 ng/g and carotenoid were 34.73, 138.78 and 69.77 ng/g, respectively. The use of fairy shrimp compared to Artemia in the diet can be significantly increased the amounts of carotenoids especially asthaxanthin in the skin of goldfish (p<0.05). Therefore fairy shrimps can be used as a suitable for artemia and high cost synthetic pigments to enhance color of ornamental fish

Determination of permitable distance between coldwater culture farms with common water supply in pirdanan river of West Azarbaijan

Regarding the increase in world population and decrease in fish stock, there is an urgent need to aquaculture practices. Coldwater fish culture is aiming at production and providing a part of protein needs of the country and a way reaching to self- sufficiency and preserve the water resources. Recently, multi- purpose use of water resources potential and especially the rivers of west Azarbaijan, for example, construction of fish farms at upstream of permanent rivers in order to make optimum use of the resources and the increase in employment has been considered . The waste water of these pools is usually discharged into the rivers. Regarding to increased production per unit area due to water resources and cold water fish culture restrictions to use regional facilities and fish farm construction, it is nessacery to determine limits between 2 farms. In this study with the goal of evaluation of the impacts of trout farm effluents on water quality parameters of Pirdanan River, the factors of water current, temperature, pH, EC, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD_5, NH_3, N-NO_2, N-NO_3, TP P-PO_4 according to standard methods were determined montly during 2014-2015 . Sampling sites were entrance, exit of Maroofi trout farm and the distances of 700, 1400, 2100 and 2800 m after the farm exit. Seasonal sampling of macro invertebrates from mentioned sites was conducted using stone leaching. The family and genus of macro invertebrates were identified using identification keys and abundance of macro invertebrate phylums for each site was determined. The results revealed that the values for water current, EC, TDS, TSS, N-NO_3 were significant. the values of water temperature, BOD5, TDS, TSS, N-NO^3- , N-NO^2-, NH_3, P-PO^4- , NH4+, N-NH3 were increased in site 2 compare to site 1 in all months and gradually in the river and its self- purification were decreased. In this study, 4 phylums, 4 classes, 7orders and 14 families of macroinvertbrates were identified from Pirdanan River. Ephemeroptera had the highest abundance in site 4; while Diptera had the highest abundance in site 2 (exit). Regarding that most of Diptera macro invertebrates were from Chironomidae, so it can be concluded that site 2 was the most pollutant site and sites 5 and 6 were more suitable condition. Therefore, considering the physic- chemical factors and macro inverteberates indices, 2100 m from entrance, (site 5) is recommended compliance with veterinary organization rules and other conditions of aquatic engineering, environmental and water operation standards

The Effects of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Its Supernatant on Some Bacteriological and Sensory Values in Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Fillets

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have a great potential as bio-preservatives. The live cells and supernatant Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis induced bacteriological changes in Onchorhynchus mykiss fillet by spray and immersion methods was studied during vacuum- packaged storage at 4 °C for 15 days. 40 kg of O. mykiss were prepared from a culture farm in Oshnavieh (Northwest Iran) and 112 fillet samples (100g) were prepared by aseptic method. L. lactis subsp. lactis (PTCC1336) bacteria was cultured in MRS culture medium. Its supernatant (2%, 4%) was extracted and 106 CFUml-1 dilutions of LAB were prepared and tested on the fillets to enhance their shelf life. All samples were evaluated regarding to growth of psychrotrophic, psychrophilic, mesophilic bacteria, molds and yeasts. Four characteristics including of odor, flavor, texture and color of fillets after and before cooking were evaluated for sensory analysis on days 1, 5, 10 and 15 and compared with control samples. The 4% supernatant and live bacteria were more effective than that of 2% and control (P&lt;0.05). The amounts of corrosive bacteria in 4% and live cells in storage time were less than human consumption limits (7log CFUg-1), whereas in control and 2% supernatant treatments were more than that limits. The results showed that increasing the percentage of supernatant was more effective on bacteriologic factors and enhanced sensory characteristics of rainbow trout fillets (P&lt;0.05)