Self esteem and Coping Styles Coping Styles among the Divorced People

The current study aimed at finding out the relationship between self-esteem and coping styles among divorced working people. The sample consisted of 120 divorced working people, which was further divided into (n=60) men and (n=60) women from different public and private sectors. Purposive sampling technique was used. The age range of the participants was taken from 30 to 45 years. The educational level was from middle to B.A. Self-esteem questionnaire by Rifai (1991) (Urdu version) and coping responses inventory (Urdu version) by Mehmood and Sheraz (2012) were used. The results of this study revealed significant negative correlation between low level of self-esteem and avoidance coping styles and significant positive correlation between high level of self-esteem and approach coping styles. Many divorced people were unaware of their problems because they did not realize the actual reason of their problem. This study will activate psychologists, counselors and NGO's to work positively for divorced people. It will motivate to develop special skill and coping skills for divorced people. This research will develop awareness to the society, government and private agencies that will work effectively for the counseling, therapy or rehabilitation of the divorced people. Keywords: Self-esteem, coping styles, working divorced people, awareness, rehabilitatio

Pathological Mechanism of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial, smoldering, focal (intima of bifurcated blood arteries), chronic, progressive asymptotically, immune-inflammatory, disorder driven by lipid imbalance, in the large to medium sized (upto3mm external diameter) arteries with many cardiovascular clinical manifestations. Atherosclerosis developmentinvolves many cells, organs and even disturbed blood flow. The progression of atherosclerotic disease depends on the presence, degree, and persistence of risk factors like high-fat diet, smoking, hypertension, history of heart diseases, or diabetes. Endothelial dysfunction, ROS, accumulation of LDL, recruitment of Monocytes and T cells, differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and foam cells, formation of plaque and rupturing of plaque are key steps behind the clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis in cardiovascular diseases. This article describes the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, possibility of therapeutically targeting mechanism and interventions which can be helpful to reverse or slower the atherosclerosis.

Effects of interval training on hemodynamic variables after coronary artery bypass graft: a meta-analysis

Objective: To assess the combined impact of interval training programme on haemodynamic variables, specifically blood pressure and heart rate, in patients having undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods: The meta-analysis was conducted from October to December 2022, and comprised search on PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PeDro, EMBASE, Science Direct, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, Google Scholar and Scopus electronic databases by two researchers independently for literature published between 2009 and 2020 related to the effects of interval training on coronary artery bypass graft patients. Meta-analysis was then performed to analyse the effects of an interval training on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. The meta-analysis was performed in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Results: Of the 122 studies initially located, 7 were related to the effects of different forms of interval trainings and their impact on systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the patients, and 5 studies analysing the effects of interval trainings on heart rate. Interval training showed mild improvement in decreasing SBP compared to control groups. Standardized mean difference suggested an effect size of -0.226 in random effect model (I2=52.01; p=0.064). Similarly, a small effect size of 0.136 (I2=39.19%, p=0.14) was observed for diastolic blood pressure. Also, there was a small effect size of 0.155 (I2= 28.08, p=0.23) observed for heart rate. ---Continu

Falls in elderly people: frequency, risk factors and risk assessment (FAR Study)

Background: The number of people over the age of 60 is growing all over the world. With increasing age there is increased prevalence of visual, auditory and locomotive disability in the elderly. This may result in falls with injuries that may have serious consequences. The purpose of this study was to assess prevalence, risk assessment and risk factors associated with falls in elderly. Methods: We conducted a research in Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Civil hospital, Jinnah Hospital and Karachi Institute of heart diseases. It was a cross sectional study with people living in Karachi as targeted population. Sample size was 150 individuals with age 60 years or above. An interviewer based questionnaire was administered. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 was used for data entry and analysis and Morse fall scale was used as a tool for risk assessment. Results: From150 subjects, 96 (64%) gave a history of fall. Of these 42 (43.75%) were men and 54 (56.25%) were women while 33 (34.38%) of men and 44 (45.83%) of women had suffered injuries. Out of 96 participants, 38 (25%) subjects had fallen once and the rest 58 (60.4%) have fallen more than once. Risk factors associated with falls were medications, visual problems, gait abnormality, decrease physical activity, poor memory along with such intrinsic factors as slippery uneven surfaces in addition to age and gender. Conclusions: It was identified that in sample of elderly individuals living in Karachi, prevalence of fall was 64%. The risk of fall tended to increase with age both in men and women. The findings of this study also stressed on various potential risk factors that were reversible. Early identification and management of these factors can help us in forming a fall prevention strategy. Key words: Fall, elderly, prevalence, risk factors

Production Efficiency Analysis between Transplanting and Direct Seeded Rice Producers in Punjab, Pakistan

Rice is known as an Asian crop because 90% of global rice production and consumption takes place in Asia. It is the staple food for about 50% of the world population and 75% of the people living in developing countries. Pakistan is the 11th rice producer in the world and 5th largest exporter. Comparative economic efficiency of Transplanted (TRP) and Direct Seeded (DRS) rice production in Pakistan needs evaluation. This study analyzed the economic efficiency of TRP) and DRS producers in rice producing districts of Punjab. Primary data was collected from major rice producing areas of Punjab, Pakistan and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) was run in order to estimate the profit efficiency of rice producers. The results revealed that on average profit efficiency of TRP rice farmers and DRS farmers was 57% and 83%, respectively. Hence, there are opportunities to improve economic and technical efficiency as well as the rice production profitability through adopting improved farming practices, optimal use of inputs and production techniques. The results also demonstrated that socio-economic factors of rice producers also significantly influence the profit efficiency of rice producers. Therefore, the efficiency of rice producers can also be improved through education and enrichment of extension services in the rural areas

Nutritional Profile and Health Benefits of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni: An Updated Review

Aim of this comprehensive review is to document the up-dated data about pharmaceutical potential of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni with special focus on its antioxidant activity. A total of 184 research articles were reviewed and five research engines were used to collect the data. The S. rebaudiana (Asteraceae) is indigenous to South America, now cultivated in many countries worldwide to be used as a natural bio-sweetener. Various nutritionally and medically important bioactive compounds such as diterpene glycosides, fatty acids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, phenolics, flavonoids, carbohydrates, carotenoids, steroids, polysaccharides and other phytochemicals constitute chemical composition of Stevia. Owing to the presence of these substances, Stevia possessed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antilarvicidal, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiseptic, antifertility, antihyperglycemic and genotoxic properties which adds on to its range of application in food, cosmetics and medicine industries. This review encompasses important bioactivities of S. rebaudiana emphasizing on its antioxidant activity along with a glance at its taxonomical, ecological, morphological, chemical, traditional, ethnobotanical and geographic demonstration. The study directs to further exploration of mutagenic, cytotoxic, anticancer, anti-larvicidal and anti-nematicidal effects of Stevia to declare its application safe for humans. Experimentation for production of biofuel form steviol extracts is also suggested

Problems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurs: A case study of Quetta-Pakistan

Abstract Entrepreneurship is a rapidly rising concern of a modern competitive economy and its contribution in economy i