Energy Performance Of Rapid Bus Route

The transportation sector contributes significantly to the use of global energy and emissions due to its traditional dependence on fossil fuels.Climate change, security of energy supplies and the significant increase in demand for public transportation are causing the governments to embark studies on sustainable transportation.Fortunately,there are immediate opportunities to reduce hazardous emissions through the adoption of the latest technologies in buses.One of the potential solutions to the sustainable public transportation is with the use of Rapid Bus System (RB). This system has significantly gained popularity around the world as it is a cost-effective alternative to the expensive urban rail system.However,the main problem with this system is the quantity of hazardous emissions particulary carbon dioxide gas that can result to global warming,which eventually can be catastrophic.In this work,the evaluation and analysis of the optimal energy consumption of the Rapid Bus System (RB) through different route and criteria was performed.The energy consumed was calculated with the aid of smart phone applications namely MotionX-GPS.Online map was also utilized.From the raw data obtained,analysis was conducted and the results obtained shows that the average energy consumed for a particular bus on route is approximately 5.01 MJ.The routes selected are located around Melaka city.The data obtained can be further used to study the strength and weaknesses of RB system so that a more efficient RB can be realised in future

Eccentric connectivity index of unicyclic graphs with application to cycloalkanes

Let G be a simple connected molecular graph. The eccentric connectivity index ξ(G) is defined as ξ (G) = ∑ν∈V(G)deg (ν)ec(ν), where deg(ν) denotes the degree of vertex v and ec(ν) is the largest distance between ν and any other vertex u of G. In this paper, we construct the general formulas for the eccentric connectivity index of unicyclic graphs with application to cycloalkanes

The Effect of Corporate Governance in Islamic Banking on the Agility of Iraqi Banks

The primary purpose of the research is to investigate the impact of corporate governance in Islamic banking on the agility of Iraqi banks. In other words, the current study seeks to find an answer to the question of whether corporate governance in Islamic banking can affect the agility and speed of change of banks in the face of problems in Iraq or not. For this purpose, the research method is applied based on the goal and descriptive survey based on the method. The statistical population of this study is all managers, employees and customers of the public and private banks of Iraq, and a total of 70 questionnaires have been completed and analyzed. The sampling method of the research is non-random, and the available population has been selected as the sample size. In this research, PLS tests have been used to investigate the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. The research results indicate that corporate governance in Islamic banking has had a positive effect on the agility of Iraqi banks, meaning that with the increase of corporate governance mechanisms in Iraqi Islamic banking, the rate of change of banks (agility of banks) has been facing more problems

Eccentric connectivity index of certain classes of cycloalkenes

Let G be a simple connected molecular graph. The eccentric connectivity index ξ(G) is defined as ξ(G)=∑vϵV(G)deg(v)ec(v), where deg(v) denotes the degree of vertex v and ec(v) is the largest distance between v and any other vertex uϵG. In this paper, we establish the general formulas for the eccentric connectivity index of molecular graphs of cycloalkenes

Distribution and variability of deformed wing virus of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in the Middle East and North Africa

Three hundred and eleven honeybee samples from 12 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) (Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Yemen, Palestine, and Sudan) were analyzed for the presence of deformed wing virus (DWV). The prevalence of DWV throughout the MENA region was pervasive, but variable. The highest prevalence was found in Lebanon and Syria, with prevalence dropping in Palestine, Jordan, and Egypt before increasing slightly moving westwards to Algeria and Morocco Phylogenetic analysis of a 194 nucleotide section of the DWV Lp gene did not identify any significant phylogenetic resolution among the samples, although the sequences did show consistent regional clustering, including an interesting geographic gradient from Morocco through North Africa to Jordan and Syria. The sequences revealed several clear variability hotspots in the deduced amino acid sequence, which furthermore showed some patterns of regional identity. Furthermore, the sequence variants from the Middle East and North Africa appear more numerous and diverse than those from Europe

The Pan-African Parliament : its promise for human rights and democracy in Africa

"This study attempts to provide a picture of how parliaments have been contributing to the protection of human rights and democracy and how the Pan-African Parliament (PAP) can draw lessons from the different mechanisms adopted by these parliaments. This study consists of five chapters. The first chapter sets out the problem that this study aims to address and reviews existing studies that have touched upon the issue. The second chapter discusses the dynamics that lead to the establishment of the continental parliament by putting it in the context of continental efforts towards better human rights protection and democratic consolidation. It also discusses the objectives of the parliament and particularly its human rights and democartic mandate. The third chapter sets out a framework for analysis. This is done by examining how parliaments have been dealing with issues of human rights and democracy with particular focus on the European Parliament (EP). This chapter looks at the different structures and mechanisms that the parliaments have employed towards this end but also tries to look further into the powers and compositions of parliaments that [have] enabled them to use such mechanisms and effectively engage in the promotion of human rights and democracy. The fourth chapter discusses in detail the powers, functions and their implications on how PAP promotes human rights and democracy. The activities so far carried out, institutional mechanisms adopted and the potential role it could have and mechanisms it could employ by taking lessons from the design, internal workings, and mechanisms discussed in the previous chapter is provided. Finally the relevant conclusions will be made with recommendations on the way forward for the continental institution in terms of organisation, composition, structures and mechanisms it could adopt towards promotion of human rights and democracy." -- Introduction.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2006.http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.htmlCentre for Human RightsLL

Computation of three topological indices on some molecular graphs and families of nanostar dendrimers

Chemical graph theory is a branch of mathematical chemistry which applies graph theory in mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena. One of the most active fields of research in chemical graph theory is the study of topological indices that can be used for describing and predicting physicochemical and pharmacological properties of organic compounds. A topological index is a single unique number characteristic of the molecular graph and is mathematically known as the graph invariant. Eccentric connectivity Index, Zagreb-eccentricity indices and Wiener index are three of the most popular topological indices and used in wide spectrum of applications in chemical graph theory. Motivated by the works done on characterization of mathematical properties for some nanostructures (dendrimers, nanotubes, nanotori, fullerenes etc.), we continue to investigate and obtain novelty formulas of the eccentric connectivity index for unicyclic chemical graph, chemical trees and some families of nanostar dendrimers. Also, we consider novelty formulas of the Zagreb-eccentricity indices for some families of nanostar dendrimers. Finally, novelty formulas for Wiener index of a new class of nanostar dendrimers are considered and new formulas associated with it are determined. In this thesis, we study and analyses the molecular structures and structural properties of chemical compounds with the objective to represent them graphically and construct new classes of graphs. We use mathematical methods of mathematical induction and mathematical logic to arrive at our theorems. In particular, the Eccentric Connectivity Indices ξ (G) are obtained for certain special graphs constructed by joining some special graphs to path graph. Through those graphs constructed are found ξ (G) for graphs associated with some of molecular graphs such as chemical trees, chemical unicyclic graphs and some infinite families of nanostar dendrimers. Also, the Zagreb-eccentricity indices Z(G) are found for some families of chemical trees, chemical unicyclic graphs and some infinite families of nanostar dendrimers. Finally, novel formulas for Wiener index of some dendrimers such as Polyphenelene dendrimers are established. Based on these investigations and graphical analysis novel formulas for the topological indices of these chemical compounds and nanotechnology are then obtained

On the solutions of the equation p=x^2+y^2+1 in Lucas sequences

In 1970, Motohashi proved that there are an infinite number of primes having the form p=x^2+y^2+1 for some nonzero integers x and y. In this paper, we present a technique for studying the solutions of the equation p=x^2+y^2+1, where the unknowns are derived from some Lucas sequences of the first kind {Un(P, Q)} or the second kind {Vn(P, Q)} with P and Q are certain nonzero relatively primes integers. As applications to this technique, we apply our procedure in case of (x, y, p) = (Ui(P, Q), Uj(P, Q), Uk(P, Q)) or (Vi(P, Q), Vj(P, Q), Vk(P, Q))  with i, j, k > 1, -2 < p < 3 and Q =1 or -1