Detection of low cost radio frequency receivers based on their unintended electromagnetic emissions and an active stimulation

Detection of super-regenerative receivers using their unintended electromagnetic emissions at a significant distance is challenging due to high levels of ambient noise. The evolution of an approach used to solve this problem is chronicled within the three papers that combine to form this dissertation. First, a passive detection method was created for detecting devices based on the characterization of their unintended emissions and utilized a cascading correlation method to confirm detection. Using a simple sine-wave stimulation to modify these unintended emissions produced better results over passive detection techniques by improving the signal quality and the consistency of the unintended emissions, but was still rather limited in extending the reliable detection distance. Additionally, extensive characterization measurements of the target device were required. If the response of the receiver to a stimulation is known, however, a more complex stimulation can be used to embed additional information into the unintended emissions which does not require the previously essential characterization data. For regenerative receivers, an amplitude modulated stimulation generates a corresponding modulation in the unintended emissions of the target device. The receiver may thus be detected from these modulated emissions by calculating the received signal energy and then correlating it with the amplitude of the stimulation. A high correlation indicates the presence of the device. The receiver may be detected even when its emissions are well below the noise floor. Results show that five super-regenerative receivers from three different manufacturers can be detected in a noisy environment to distances of over 100 meters with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 94% --Abstract, page iv

Experimental velocity fields and forces for a cylinder penetrating into a granular medium

We present here a detailed granular flow characterization together with force measurements for the quasi-bidimensional situation of a horizontal cylinder penetrating vertically at a constant velocity in dry granular matter between two parallel glass walls. In the velocity range studied here, the drag force on the cylinder does not depend on the velocity V_0 and is mainly proportional to the cylinder diameter d. Whereas the force on the cylinder increases with its penetration depth, the granular velocity profile around the cylinder is found stationary with fluctuations around a mean value leading to the granular temperature profile. Both mean velocity profile and temperature profile exhibit strong localization near the cylinder. The mean flow perturbation induced by the cylinder decreases exponentially away from the cylinder on a characteristic length \lambda, that is mainly governed by the cylinder diameter for large enough cylinder/grain size ratio d/d_g: \lambda ~ d/4 + 2d_g. The granular temperature exhibits a constant plateau value T_0 in a thin layer close to the cylinder of extension \delta_{T_0} ~ \lambda/2 and decays exponentially far away with a characteristic length \lambda_T of a few grain diameters (\lambda_T ~ 3d_g). The granular temperature plateau T_0 that scales as (V_0^2 d_g/d) is created by the flow itself from the balance between the "granular heat" production by the shear rate V_0/\lambda over \delta_{T_0} close to the cylinder and the granular dissipation far away

Polarized Emission Lines from Single InGaN/GaN Quantum Dots: Role of the Valence-band Structure of Wurtzite Group-III Nitrides

We present a study of the polarization properties of emission lines from single InGaN/GaN quantum dots (QDs). The QDs, formed by spinodal decomposition within ultra-thin InGaN quantum wells, are investigated using single-QD cathodoluminescence (CL). The emission lines exhibit a systematic linear polarization in the orthogonal crystal directions [1 1 -2 0] and [-1 1 0 0]--a symmetry that is non-native to hexagonal crystals. Eight-band k.p calculations reveal a mechanism that can explain the observed polarizations: The character of the hole(s) in an excitonic complex determines the polarization direction of the respective emission if the QD is slightly elongated. Transitions involving A-band holes are polarized parallel to the elongation; transitions involving B-type holes are polarized in the orthogonal direction. The energetic separation of both hole states is smaller than 10 meV. The mechanism leading to the linear polarizations is not restricted to InGaN QDs, but should occur in other wurtzite-nitride QDs and in materials with similar valence band structure.Comment: Conf. Proc. of the MSS-13 in Genova 2007, accepted at Physica

Multi-excitonic complexes in single InGaN quantum dots

Cathodoluminescence spectra employing a shadow mask technique of InGaN layers grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition on Si(111) substrates are reported. Sharp lines originating from InGaN quantum dots are observed. Temperature dependent measurements reveal thermally induced carrier redistribution between the quantum dots. Spectral diffusion is observed and was used as a tool to correlate up to three lines that originate from the same quantum dot. Variation of excitation density leads to identification of exciton and biexciton. Binding and anti-binding complexes are discovered.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figure

Rheology of Granular Rafts

Rheology of macroscopic particle-laden interfaces, called "Granular Rafts" has been experimentally studied, in the simple shear configuration. The shear-stress relation obtained from a classical rheometer exhibits the same behavior as a Bingham fluid and the viscosity diverges with the surface fraction according to evolutions similar to 2D suspensions. The velocity field of the particles that constitute the granular raft has been measured in the stationary state. These measurements reveal non-local rheology similar to dry granular materials. Close to the walls of the rheometer cell, one can observe regions of large local shear rate while in the middle of the cell a quasistatic zone exists. This flowing region, characteristic of granular matter, is described in the framework of an extended kinetic theory showing the evolution of the velocity profile with the imposed shear stress. Measuring the probability density functions of the elementary strains, we provide evidence of a balance between positive and negative elementary strains. This behavior is the signature of a quasistatic region inside the granular raft.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Size-dependent fine-structure splitting in self-organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots

A systematic variation of the exciton fine-structure splitting with quantum dot size in single InAs/GaAs quantum dots grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition is observed. The splitting increases from -80 to as much as 520 $\mu$eV with quantum dot size. A change of sign is reported for small quantum dots. Model calculations within the framework of eight-band k.p theory and the configuration interaction method were performed. Different sources for the fine-structure splitting are discussed, and piezoelectricity is pinpointed as the only effect reproducing the observed trend.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

GaN/AlN Quantum Dots for Single Qubit Emitters

We study theoretically the electronic properties of $c$-plane GaN/AlN quantum dots (QDs) with focus on their potential as sources of single polarized photons for future quantum communication systems. Within the framework of eight-band k.p theory we calculate the optical interband transitions of the QDs and their polarization properties. We show that an anisotropy of the QD confinement potential in the basal plane (e.g. QD elongation or strain anisotropy) leads to a pronounced linear polarization of the ground state and excited state transitions. An externally applied uniaxial stress can be used to either induce a linear polarization of the ground-state transition for emission of single polarized photons or even to compensate the polarization induced by the structural elongation.Comment: 6 pages, 9 figures. Accepted at Journal of Physics: Condensed Matte