Intelligent Note to Coin Exchanger with Fake Note Detection

Nowadays, people are doing transaction digitally, but still in some rural areas people are using hard cash for transaction .Use of coins has been increased more instead of note in various places like bus station, railway station, shopping malls, temples, coin based water system etc. It is very difficult for common people in getting coins. To provide the solution for above mentioned problem, a system is designed. One mechanical machine that is intelligent note to coin exchanger with fake note detection. In proposed system, where when user enters the note, first it will check whether entered note is real or fake using UV rays, if note is real then it will take inside for further process and camera will take its picture, by calculating number of pixels using image processing; it will calculate the value of note, then according to the value equivalent numbers of coins will be dispensed. In this way, this system will help common people to have easy day to day life

Rail Track Monitoring and Intelligent Security System for Indian Railways

Nowadays, rapid growth in population has increased the means of transportation, due to the reasons as supplying of goods and services and increase in employment level. Out of which, the mode and medium of convenience and transportation are railways, but nowadays people are facing the railway accident problem. The 60% of accidents in railways are due to track problems which lead to derailment. In our proposed system, the endanger of the crack in railway tracks has been detect by passing DC supply. Whenever a continuous signal of proper supply will not be received by microcontroller, it will indicate that there is a crack in the track and GPS meanwhile will sense the location of the derailment. Thus, getting the indication and status of crack in the track will avoid the interdictory movement of the train. Accidents involving trains are often the result of mechanical failures and human error, and often it is a combination of both. For saving the life of human, endangered due to human error, we have used sensor module to detect the proximity of the train along the station, which would result in prior intimation of arrival as well as departure of the train and fourth the controlling action that is turning on and off the gate will take place without manual interfacing. We have also designed water level control system, water level from each bogie is monitored by the train driver accordingly that level is conveyed to the next station. So on the next station the respective tank will get full without any delay. The proposed system helps to reduce risk and endanger of failure of rail tracks, saving human life due to human errors

Clinical skill learning for tomorrow’s doctors - a step towards better obstetric care

Background: Female urethral catheterization is the most commonly performed procedure in obstetrics and gynecology, for the assessment of urinary output. Many times catheterization is done by junior colleagues with improper technique resulting in improper catheterization and urethral injury. It is a must to know skill for every graduating medical student to avoid devastating consequences of performing it poorly. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the effectiveness of four step method of skill learning of bladder catheterization in female patients by interns and demonstrate the competency in the proper insertion and removal of an indwelling urinary catheter and also the study aimed to determine the effectiveness of bladder simulator training for medical interns.Methods: A prospective, observational and skill imparting study done using a specially designed model, after ethical committee approval. 30 Interns were divided in to six groups of five each for skill learning. It was done with Kirkpatrik model using specially designed objective structured clinical examination forms and scoring sheets. Sample paired t test was used.Results: 80% of the interns could perform the skill with maximum scores.Conclusions: It is an innovative teaching learning method for incoming interns which will help them to improve knowledge and practice and finally reduce the risk of complications and injury.

Modern Car Safety System using PIC Microcontroller

Intelligent car will provide very reliable and safe life to human. Safety is the most essential factor in automobile industry. One single move of driver can cause terrify accident. Percentage of the road accident is increasing day by day. Most   of the innocent people lost their life in the road accident so there have always been great needs of intelligent systems. Individual car can be equipped with feature of autonomy. There are many causes of the road accident like some technical error or human error but most of them are due to the human error. The human error can be avoided by using intelligent system in the vehicles can make the journey safer. Intelligent systems in the vehicles will help to secure the lives of people on the roads and to decrease the car accidents. The intelligent car system includes Automatic wiper movement control, Automatic cooling system, obstacle detection, as well as Vehicle tracking using GPS and GSM. Also this system includes heat to electricity conversion unit which helps to generate electricity from exhaust heat

Urbanisation and new agroecologies : the story of Bengaluru’s peripheries

Rural–urban interfaces worldwide are increasingly witnessing massive transformations in the structure, functions, and services of complex ecosystems of these zones. An attempt has been made to understand the transitions triggered by urbanisation in the peri-urban agricultural systems of Bengaluru. Using a combination of land-use change analysis and group interactions, the temporal and spatial patterns in the impacts of urban expansion on agroecology in Bengaluru’s peripheries have been traced. The varying nature of agroecological and sociocultural impacts corresponding to differences in the pattern of urban expansion along different directions from the city have also been unravelled. Further, agroecological repercussions of existing and proposed urban planning strategies for Bengaluru have been discussed

Urban wastewater for agriculture : farmers’ perspectives from peri-urban Bengaluru

Urbanisation, while offering marketing opportunities, inflicts considerable impacts on ecology, health, and livelihoods in the peri-urban farming areas. The city demands perishable products that need input intensive farming. In parallel, it also discharges domestic sewage and industrial effluents into peri-urban water bodies. The availability of wastewater for irrigation has been a saviour for peri-urban farmers, amidst the many constraints they face. Using nutrient-rich wastewater is also a smart strategy of combining fertiliser application with irrigation. This can balance nutrient flows between the consumption and production hubs. Concomitant and discernible implications of this process on the health of farmers, consumers, and the peri-urban environment, rarely receive needed attention. Even the discourse on sustainable cities seldom conveys the imperative of reducing consumptive use of water to curtail its forward and backward impacts. A participatory assessment using focus group discussions, multi-criteria mapping and a stakeholder workshop was conducted in Byramangala in order to understand the farmers’ perspectives on their future as beneficiaries of wastewater (domestic sewage with industrial effluents) generated in the Vrishabhavathy watershed of Bengaluru city. Farmers were trying hard to adapt to the heavily polluted environment manifested in the restricted choice of crops, lower prices fetched by their produce, health impacts and resultant socio-cultural fallouts. The study also revealed high priority that farmers attach to health imparting attributes of agriculture. Their concerns on the two possible scenarios of wastewater supply were elicited. Farmers’ preference for effectively treated wastewater was found to be overshadowed by its potential diversion for urban use. Despite concerns on water quality, they were keen to continue agriculture and would expect to be informed in advance about any impending diversions. The political-economic ‘eminent domain’ of urbanism excludes the farmer constituency from strategizing freshwater extraction and the disposal of its wastewater. It needs to be confronted with concerted efforts to build institutional capacities for a decentralised wastewater governance, inclusive of downstream farmers, in place of pacifying measures like installing subsidised water purifiers for domestic use. The development and sustainability benefits of such efforts will include reliable farm livelihoods built on regional circular economies along with safe and healthy food and the environment in the urban - peri-urban continuum

Small farms around Bangalore : growing money at the cost of food and environment

Urbanisation, along with becoming a universal trend, has also emerged as a significant driver of agricultural transition in the developing world. More and more people from rural parts of India migrate to urban centers in search of non-farm livelihood options and for better living conditions. Urbanisation is closely coupled with transformation of traditional rural economies into modern industrial economies through irreversible land use change. The land remaining under farming is also influenced by urban demand with mixed outcomes in production and livelihoods. India exhibits this reciprocity of urbanisation and farming prominently

Design, Performance and Calibration of the CMS Forward Calorimeter Wedges

We report on the test beam results and calibration methods using charged particles of the CMS Forward Calorimeter (HF). The HF calorimeter covers a large pseudorapidity region (3\l |\eta| \le 5), and is essential for large number of physics channels with missing transverse energy. It is also expected to play a prominent role in the measurement of forward tagging jets in weak boson fusion channels. The HF calorimeter is based on steel absorber with embedded fused-silica-core optical fibers where Cherenkov radiation forms the basis of signal generation. Thus, the detector is essentially sensitive only to the electromagnetic shower core and is highly non-compensating (e/h \approx 5). This feature is also manifest in narrow and relatively short showers compared to similar calorimeters based on ionization. The choice of fused-silica optical fibers as active material is dictated by its exceptional radiation hardness. The electromagnetic energy resolution is dominated by photoelectron statistics and can be expressed in the customary form as a/\sqrt{E} + b. The stochastic term a is 198% and the constant term b is 9%. The hadronic energy resolution is largely determined by the fluctuations in the neutral pion production in showers, and when it is expressed as in the electromagnetic case, a = 280% and b = 11%

Energy Response and Longitudinal Shower Profiles Measured in CMS HCAL and Comparison With Geant4

The response of the CMS combined electromagnetic and hadron calorimeter to beams of pions with momenta in the range 5-300 GeV/c has been measured in the H2 test beam at CERN. The raw response with the electromagnetic compartment calibrated to electrons and the hadron compartment calibrated to 300 GeV pions may be represented by sigma = (1.2) sqrt{E} oplus (0.095) E. The fraction of energy visible in the calorimeter ranges from 0.72 at 5 GeV to 0.95 at 300 GeV, indicating a substantial nonlinearity. The intrinsic electron to hadron ratios are fit as a function of energy and found to be in the range 1.3-2.7 for the electromagnetic compartment and 1.4-1.8 for the hadronic compartment. The fits are used to correct the non-linearity of the e pi response to 5% over the entire measured range resulting in a substantially improved resolution at low energy. Longitudinal shower profile have been measured in detail and compared to Geant4 models, LHEP-3.7 and QGSP-2.8. At energies below 30 GeV, the data, LHEP and QGSP are in agreement. Above 30 GeV, LHEP gives a more accurate simulation of the longitudinal shower profile