Tumor budding in laryngeal carcinoma

Background: Tumor budding was defined as a single cancer cell or a cluster of fewer than five cancer cells in the stroma of the invasive tumor margin. It has been suggested as a prognostic factor in various cancers, such as esophageal, lung, colorectal, and endometrial. There are only a few studies about the prognostic signifi cance of tumor budding in laryngeal carcinomas. Materials and Methods: A total of 81 patients with laryngeal carcinoma diagnosed between 2011 and 2016 and treated by partial or total laryngectomy were evaluated. Clinicopathologic parameters were correlated with the presence and grade of tumor budding. Results: The study was consisted of 77 (95.1%) male and 4 (4.9%) female patients. The mean age of the patients was 60.2 years (min: 42 and max: 78). Median follow-up time was 25 months (min: 7 and max: 54) (SD ±11.5). Histopathologic diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in all patients. Of the 62 cases showing budding, 2 (3.2%) were stage 1, 12 (19.4%) stage 2, 16 (25.8%) stage 3, and 32 (51.6%) were stage 4. Fifteen cases with budding (24.2%) showed lymphovascular invasion (LVI). None of the nonbudding cases had LVI and perineural invasion (PNI). Statistical analysis revealed that LVI and PNI were signifi cantly associated with budding (P = 0.017 and P = 0.012). Among the tumors showing budding, 37% had lymph node metastasis (LNM). In nonbudding cases 15% had LNM. There was a statistically significant correlation between LNM and budding (P = 0.017). None of the parameters correlated with grade of tumor budding statistically. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that tumor budding might be used as a prognostic factor in laryngeal SCCs

Prognostic Importance of Tumor Deposits in the Ipsilateral Axillary Region of Breast Cancer Patients

Tumor deposits (TD) are irregular discrete tumor masses in adipose tissue, discontinuous from the primary tumor, that are described in various cancers. The incidence and/or prognostic value of TD in breast carcinomas have not been studied so far. We reevaluated 145 breast cancer patients, diagnosed and treated between 2001 and 2006 at our institution for the presence and incidence of TD. Histologic type, grade, size of the primary tumor, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 status of the tumor, and presence of peritumoral lymphovascular invasion were included in the data. TD were detected in 42 cases (29.0%). The mean age of the patients was 52.2years (27-82). Most patients (79.3%) had either invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST) or invasive lobular carcinoma, and most tumors (86.9%) were either grade 2 or 3. After excluding TD from the number of metastatic lymph nodes, the pN status of 9 patients changed. Univariate analysis of 110 patients with follow-up information revealed that the new pN status (p=0.036), presence of local recurrence (p=0.016) and TD (p=0.003) were significantly correlated with distant metastases. The median follow-up of the patients was 84months (5-161), 10-year disease-free survival and overall survival were 67.2% and 73.7%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, presence of TD remained independently associated with distant metastasis (p=0.002). The probability of distant metastasis was 3.3 times higher in patients with TD. These results emphasize that TD are present in breast cancer patients, and that their presence should warn the clinician in terms of possible distant metastasis. Therefore, presence of TD, the evaluation of which is neither time consuming nor require sophisticated methods, should be included in pathology reports