Weak Interactions in Atoms and Nuclei: The Standard Model and Beyond

Studies in nuclear and atomic physics have played an important role in developing our understanding of the Standard Model of electroweak interactions. We review the basic ingredients of the Standard Model, and discuss some key nuclear and atomic physics experiments used in testing these ideas. We also summarize the conceptual issues of the Standard Model that motivate the search for new physics.Comment: 51 pages, 25 figure

police body cams reducing police brutality

This paper shows 3 main reasons of how police worn body cameras being equipped on every single police officer in the country will be effective in reducing police brutality issues. The research is based of 3 sub points being officer, suspect and community safety, the educational value that can be gained from police worn body cameras, and how police worn body cameras can benefit the US court system. Each subpoint is broken down with how and why police worn body cameras would benefit each area

The Effects of Ammonia Inhalants on Anaerobic Performance Following a Simulated American Football Game

Ammonia inhalants (AI) are anecdotally referred to as ergogenic aids in the realm of aggressive team/lifting sports. However, the efficacy of AI usage has yet to be established or reported to our knowledge. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish the effects of AI’s on anaerobic performance following a simulated American football game (SAFG) in a climate controlled setting (35.8 °C, 27.5% RH). METHODS: Ten apparently healthy anaerobically trained college-aged males participated dressed in American football apparel, excluding the helmet. Each subject participated in two trials, 136 minutes each, separated by a minimum of 48 hours (AI or control). Each SAFG consisted of a randomized counter-balanced series of sprints. The sprint protocol was made up of a total 12, 9, or 6 sprints, which were experienced each half of the SAFG in a randomized order. The individual sprints consisted of 5 second maximal effort sprints which were followed by 40 seconds of rest, simulating what one would expect in an American football game. The Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) was performed before and after each SAFG in a neutral temperature (21.3°C, 30.8% RH). Resistance for the 30-second WAnT was calculated at 10% of each respective subject’s weight in kilograms (kg). The AI condition was administered by capsule immediately before the final WAnT. Paired t-tests were used to examine differences in peak power change (ΔPP) and mean power change (ΔMP) from WAnTs performed pre-post-SAFG. α=0.05. RESULTS: The majority of our subjects elicited an increase in PP (9/10 subjects) and MP (8/10 subjects) during the AI condition. The ΔPP in the AI (134±85 W) trial was significantly greater that the control trial (59±108 W) (p≤.05). Likewise, ΔMP in the AI (35±53 W) was significantly greater than the control (-21±65 W) trial (p≤.01). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the intervention of AI following a bout of fatiguing work is successful in the in the generation of maximal power outputs as well as attenuating fatigue within the WAnT. Thereby, suggesting that when performing a WAnT, utilizing AI as an intervention can increase power output. Further research should be conducted in order to support the findings from the present investigation and possible applications

Feeling good about being hungry: food-related thoughts in eating disorder

Objectives: This study explores the relationships to food and hunger in women living with anorexic type eating difficulties and asks how imagery-based elaborations of food and eating thoughts are involved in their eating restraint, and recovery. Design: The qualitative idiographic approach of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used. Four in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with women self-selected as having experienced anorexia or anorexic like behaviour. Methods: The data was analysed using IPA and an audit of the analysis was conducted to ensure that the process followed had been systematic and rigorous and appropriately considered reflexivity. Results: Hunger was perceived positively by participants as confirmation that they were achieving their goal of losing weight, or avoiding weight gain. Hunger conferred a sense of being in control for the participants. Intrusive thoughts about food were reported as being quickly followed by elaborative mental imagery of the positive aspects of weight loss, and the negative consequences of eating. Imagery appeared to serve to maintain anorexic behaviours rather than to motivate food seeking. However, negative imagery of the consequences of anorexia were also described as supporting recovery. Conclusions: The finding that physiological sensations of hunger were experienced as positive confirmation of maintaining control has potentially important clinical and theoretical implications. It suggests further attention needs to be focused upon how changes in cognitive elaboration, involving mental imagery, are components of the psychological changes in the development of, maintenance of, and recovery from, anorexia

Protective Factors of Low Bone Mineral Density: An Examination between Two Samples of Premenopausal Women

While minimal longitudinal data exists to support osteoporosis screening among premenopausal women, an increasingly modernized society may contribute to modifiable osteoporosis risk factors including poor nutrition and low physical activity. Evaluation of bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition differences in populations with varied levels of physical activity is of importance. PURPOSE: The purpose of the current research was to determine if there is a difference across body composition measurements including total lean mass, body mass index (BMI), and BMD among a subset of physically active premenopausal women (ACTIVE) at a small, southern Christian university compared to premenopausal women from the general U.S. population in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: BMD z-scores were calculated for premenopausal females who underwent a Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan in a university performance lab from 2009 to 2023, matched to age, sex, and race/ethnicity participants from NHANES. Participants were classified by low or normal BMD using the International Society for Clinical Densitometry recommended cutoff of -2.0 for total body and by BMI using standard weight status categories published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze participant characteristics and percentage across BMI and BMD categories. Total lean mass was reported by mean and standard deviation for ACTIVE and NHANES participants across BMI and BMD categories. Independent t-tests were used to determine if any differences existed between the ACTIVE and NHANES participants across total lean mass, BMI, and BMD. RESULTS: Data analysis included 2037 from the ACTIVE sample and 4326 from the NHANES sample. The frequency of low BMD (\u3c-2.0) among ACTIVE participants is 0.39% (n = 8) compared to 3.7% (n = 78) among NHANES participants. ACTIVE participants had significantly higher BMD [t(3361.21) = 26.49, p \u3c 0.001] and a significantly greater total lean mass [t(4677.71) = 11.14, p \u3c 0.01) than NHANES participants. Intriguingly, ACTIVE participants had a higher mean total lean mass than NHANES participants across all BMI categories except those classified as obese, regardless of BMD. CONCLUSION: The ACTIVE sample demonstrated a decreased prevalence of low BMD, likely attributed to increased physical activity. These observed differences in BMD are supported by higher total lean mass and lower rates of obesity likely also attributed to their physical activity history. This data supports the importance of lifestyle habits and its beneficial effects on both BMD and indices of body composition among premenopausal women

CLASS Survey Description: Coronal Line Needles in the SDSS Haystack

Coronal lines are a powerful, yet poorly understood, tool to identify and characterize Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs). There have been few large scale surveys of coronal lines in the general galaxy population in the literature so far. Using a novel pre-selection technique with a flux-to-RMS ratio $F$, followed by Markov-Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) fitting, we searched for the full suite of 20 coronal lines in the optical spectra of almost 1 million galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 8. We present a catalog of the emission line parameters for the resulting 258 galaxies with detections. The Coronal Line Activity Spectroscopic Survey (CLASS) includes line properties, host galaxy properties, and selection criteria for all galaxies in which at least one line is detected. This comprehensive study reveals that a significant fraction of coronal line activity is missed in past surveys based on a more limited set of coronal lines; $\sim$60% of our sample do not display the more widely surveyed [Fe X] $\lambda$6374. In addition, we discover a strong correlation between coronal line and WISE W2 luminosities, suggesting that the mid-infrared flux can be used to predict coronal line fluxes. For each line we also provide a confidence level that the line is present, generated by a novel neural network, trained on fully simulated data. We find that after training the network to detect individual lines using 100,000 simulated spectra, we achieve an overall true positive rate of 75.49% and a false positive rate of only 3.96%.Comment: 27 pages, 16 figures, 4 table

A water quality survey of Otsego Lake, Michigan

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/49258/2/1955204.0010.001.pd