Summarize of relevant animal data from protocol registration #2017031717108767 and #20181213155790720 (n = 87).

* MD = Missing data. (DOCX)</p

Fig 2 -

(A) Correlation graphics between real tumor volume (i.e., tumor mass) and estimated tumor volume with Formula 1 (F1), Formula 2 (F2) Formula 3 (F3), Formula 4 (F4), Formula 5 (F5), Formula 6 (F6) or Formula 7 (F7) (n = 83). Dotted line is a representation of y = x and the black dots are our observed data (n = 83). (B) Bar plot of Mean relative error ± SD for all tested volume estimation formulas: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 and F7 (C) Absolute error sorted by real tumor volume for F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 and F7 (n = 83) (D) Relative error sorted by real tumor volume for F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 and F7 (n = 83). ***: p = 2.10–16 SD = standard deviation.</p

Summarize of the bibliographic search in the PubMed database from January 1^st, 2019 to December 31^st, 2019, using the followings terms: Xenograft, breast cancer, tumor growth and mice.

* MR DWI = Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance; PET CT = Positron emission tomography computing tomography; MD = missing data; NA = not applicable; unknown = information not accessible; Other = formulas did not describe a 3D representation. (DOCX)</p

Representation of all techniques used in 2019 for tumor growth monitoring on human breast cancer xenografts bearing mice (n = 233).

The bibliographic search was conducted in the PubMed database from January 1st, 2019 to December 31st, 2019, using the followings terms in Text Word: Xenograft, breast cancer, tumor growth AND mice. *MR DWI = Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance; PET CT = positron emission tomography computing tomography; Unknown = information not accessible.</p

Radar chart displaying volume estimation data for Formula 1 (F1), Formula 2 (F2) Formula 3 (F3), Formula 4 (F4), Formula 5 (F5), Formula 6 (F6) and Formula 7 (F7).

The larger the area, the better the prediction. All raw data used to make this chart are available in supplementary tables (S4 Table). *MRE = mean relative error, MAE = mean absolute error, r2 = correlation coefficient of regression line, a = slope of regression line.</p

Summarize of the seven formulas used in 2019 for tumor volume monitoring on human breast cancer xenograft bearing mice and their frequency of use (n = 206).

Summarize of the seven formulas used in 2019 for tumor volume monitoring on human breast cancer xenograft bearing mice and their frequency of use (n = 206).</p

Fig 3 -

Correlation graphics between real tumor volume (i.e., tumor mass) and estimated tumor volume with F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 or F7 for the small tumor size population (A) and for the large tumor size population (B). Dotted line is a representation of y = x and the black dots are our observed data (n = 41). Bar plot of Mean relative error ± SD for all tested volume estimation formulas: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 or F7 for the small tumor size population (C) and for the large tumor size population (D) (n = 41). *SD = standard deviation *** = p .001.</p

Volume estimation data (i.e., MRE, MAE, r², <i>a</i> and Error Model Parameter) for Formula 1 (F1), Formula 2 (F2) Formula 3 (F3), Formula 4 (F4), Formula 5 (F5), Formula 6 (F6) and Formula 7 (F7).

*MRE = mean relative error, MAE = mean absolute error, r2 = correlation coefficient of regression line, a = slope of regression line. (DOCX)</p

Population analysis of the Gompertz model fitted against data obtained with formula 2.

(A) Prediction distribution of the Gompertz model fitted against the data. P.I. = prediction interval. (B) Observations vs individual predictions (C) Three representative examples of individual fits chosen randomly.</p

Parameter estimates of the Gompertz model obtained fitting the data obtained with different formulations.

α_0 is the specific growth rate (in 1/days), β is the parameter driving the exponential decrease of the proliferation rate (in 1/days), and σ is the error model parameter. R.S.E. is the relative standard error on parameter estimation. CV is the coefficient of variation expressed as 100∙exp(ω^2 − 1). (DOCX)</p