Model-Data comparison of simulated and observations-based GPP over the European continent.

<p>Colour-coded (top right), as obtained from (top left) MTE-MR, (bottom left) JSBACH, and (bottom right) LPJmL. The causal information planes illustrating the point densities are given in the insets.</p

The effect of seasonal and diurnal oscillations on ITQ.

<p>GPP dynamics at three flux tower measurement sites from half-hourly to monthly resolution as quantified by a) , and b) .</p

Differentiating model structure with statistical complexity measures.

<p>The different models are coded by different colours, filling indicates the analyzed time period for all grid cells of the globe.</p

ITQ-based model-data comparison at site scale for Mediterranean flux tower sites.

<p>(A) , and (B) . (C) Time series of GPP at Puechabon, France.</p

Illustration of the <i>causality Shannon-Fisher plane</i> plane () as data-analytical tool.

<p> is used to classify relevant processes, such as constant/periodic signals, white and coloured noise (noise with a power spectrum proportional to 1/<i>f</i>^<i>k</i>), and deterministic signals (e.g. chaotic maps), similar to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0164960#pone.0164960.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>. For all calculations, <i>D</i> = 6, <i>τ</i> = 1, and <i>n</i> = 10⁴ were chosen.</p

Essential Ecosystem Variables

“Essential Ecosystem Variables” (EEVs) framework: Fundamental interactions among ECVs and EBVs govern the states, processes, and functions of ecosystems