The prevalence of <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> in game animals in Poland

<div><p>Natural reservoirs of <i>Yersinia (Y</i>.<i>) enterocolitica</i> comprise different animal species, but little is known about the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of yersiniosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of <i>Y</i>. <i>enterocolitica</i> among game animals in Poland. The bio-serotypes and the pathogenicity markers of the analyzed isolates were determined. The experimental material comprised rectal swabs from 857 free-living animals hunter-harvested over a period of 2 years (2013–2014) in hunting districts across Poland. The isolates from bacteriological studies were confirmed by PCR and bio-serotyped based on the results of biochemical and agglutination tests. In the group of the 218 analyzed isolates of <i>Y</i>. <i>enterocolitica</i>, 133 were derived from wild boars, 70 from red deer, 11 from roe deer and 4 from fallow deer, and they accounted for 61.0%, 32.1%, 5.1% and 1.8% of all isolates, respectively. Bio-serotyping assays revealed that 91.7% of the examined isolates belonged to biotype 1A (200/218). The remaining 18 isolates belonged to bio-serotypes 1B/NI (3/218, 1.4%), 1B/O:8 (1/218, 0.5%), 2/NI (6/218, 2.8%), 2/O:27 (1/218, 0.5%), 2/O:3 (1/218, 0.5%), 2/O:9 (2/218, 0.9%), 3/NI (2/218, 0.9%), 4/O:3 (1/218, 0.5%) and 4/O:9 (1/218, 0.5%). The <i>ail</i> gene, a suggestive virulence gene for <i>Y</i>. <i>enterocolitica</i>, has been found in 30 isolates from 20 wild boars, in 6 isolates from red deer, and in 1 isolate from roe deer. Our study demonstrated that <i>Y</i>. <i>enterocolitica</i> is frequently isolated from game animals in Poland, which poses a risk of spreading these infectious agents to other animal species and humans.</p></div

The prevalence of <i>ail</i>, <i>ystA</i> and <i>ystB</i> genes in <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> biotype 1B, 2–4 isolates from game animals.

<p>The prevalence of <i>ail</i>, <i>ystA</i> and <i>ystB</i> genes in <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> biotype 1B, 2–4 isolates from game animals.</p

Geographical distribution of <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> positive samples in the Polish regions.

<p>Geographical distribution of <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> positive samples in the Polish regions.</p

The prevalence of <i>ail</i>, <i>ystA</i> and <i>ystB</i> genes in <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> isolates from game animals.

<p>The prevalence of <i>ail</i>, <i>ystA</i> and <i>ystB</i> genes in <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> isolates from game animals.</p

Biotype and serotype characteristics of <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> isolates.

<p>Biotype and serotype characteristics of <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> isolates.</p

Results of the bacteriological study, including the number of <i>Yersinia</i> spp. confirmed by PCR.

<p>Results of the bacteriological study, including the number of <i>Yersinia</i> spp. confirmed by PCR.</p