Associations Among Obesity, Inflammation, and Tryptophan Catabolism in Pregnancy

Objective: To evaluate relationships among obesity in pregnancy and plasma levels of tryptophan (TRP) and kynurenine (KYN), inflammatory markers, and depressed mood. Methods: Pregnant women (N = 374) were enrolled, and data were collected at a mean gestation of 20 weeks in this cross-sectional study. Plasma was analyzed for TRP, KYN, neopterin, and nitrite levels. Women completed demographic and mood scales. Results: There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between body mass index (BMI) and TRP and positive correlations between BMI and KYN and the kynurenine/tryptophan (KYN/TRP) ratio. Neopterin was correlated with KYN/TRP, suggesting that the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) enzyme was activated. The correlations of neopterin and nitrite with BMI were too small to be clinically meaningful but may provide mechanistic insight. There was a correlation between depressed mood and nitrite levels. Depressed mood was also associated with lower TRP levels. When the sample was divided into pregnant women with or without obesity, TRP was significantly lower and the KYN/TRP ratio was significantly higher in the women with obesity. Conclusion: The pro-inflammatory state of obesity in pregnancy may drive activation of IDO-1, resulting in diversion of TRP away from serotonin and melatonin production and toward KYN metabolites. This alteration could contribute to depression, impaired sleep, increased production of excitotoxic neurotransmitters, and reinforcement of a pro-inflammatory state in pregnancy

Cosmic-ray Heavy Nuclei Spectra Using the ISS-CREAM Instrument

International audienceCosmic Ray Energetics And Mass for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM) was designed to study high-energy cosmic rays up to PeV and recorded data from August 22nd, 2017 to February 12th, 2019 on the ISS. In this analysis, the Silicon Charge Detector (SCD), CALorimeter (CAL), and Top and Bottom Counting Detectors (TCD/BCD) are used. The SCD is composed of four layers and provides the measurement of cosmic-ray charges with a resolution of $\sim$0.2e. The CAL comprises 20 interleaved tungsten plates and scintillators, measures the incident cosmic-ray particles' energies, and provides a high energy trigger. The TCD/BCDs consist of photodiode arrays and plastic scintillators and provide a low-energy trigger. In this analysis, the SCD top layer is used for charge determination. Here, we present the heavy nuclei analysis using the ISS-CREAM instrument

Measurement of High-energy Cosmic-Ray Proton Spectrum from the ISS-CREAM Experiment

International audienceThe Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM) experiment successfully recorded data for 539 days from 2017 August to 2019 February. We report the energy spectrum of cosmic-ray protons from the ISS-CREAM experiment at energies from 1.60 × 10$^{3}$ to 6.55 × 10$^{5}$ GeV. The measured spectrum deviates from a single power law. A smoothly broken power-law fit to the data, including statistical and systematic uncertainties, shows the spectral index change at 9.0 × 10$^{3}$ GeV from 2.57 ± 0.03 to 2.82 ± 0.02 with a significance of greater than 3σ. This bump-like structure is consistent with a spectral softening recently reported by the balloon-borne CREAM, DAMPE, and NUCLEON, but ISS-CREAM extends measurements to higher energies

Psychiatric Disorders

This chapter summarizes the most significant gender influences on mental health in terms of illness incidence and prevalence, clinical presentation, course, and response to treatment. Several mental disorders including major depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and eating disorders are considered in different sections. Depression is twice more frequent in women than in men. Moreover, men and women show differences regarding presentation, course, treatment response, and outcome. Women affected by depression show higher recurrence and atypical features; they have generally an earlier onset, more severe, longer, and recurrent depressive episodes, and a lower quality of life than men do. Women are also more likely to have a comorbid anxiety, eating or somatoform disorder, and more frequently than men, they attempt suicide (although lethal suicide is more probable to happen in men). Psychopharmacological treatment of depression also might present significant gender dissimilarities; still, there is no clear consensus on whether there are gender-related differences in antidepressant efficacy. There is a significant gender difference in terms of lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder type II, with more affected women, while both genders show a similar prevalence of bipolar disorder type I. Women usually have an older age of onset and they typically manifest a depressive polarity at the onset and a predominance of depression phases during lifetime. Women are also more likely to undergo mixed and seasonal episodes and have an increased risk of developing rapid cycling mood disturbances. Bipolar disorder in men is characterized by manic onset, recurrence of manic phases, and by lower treatment adherence. Comorbidity of psychiatric (eating and anxiety disorders) and medical (thyroid disease, migraine, obesity) conditions are more common in women, while substance use disorder is more common in men. There is no evidence that women and men suffering from bipolar disorder differ significantly in treatment response to mood stabilizers. Schizophrenia also has significant gender differences: affected males, normally younger at the onset than females, present more severe negative symptoms, worse cognitive impairment, more frequent hospitalizations, and are more likely to commit acts of severe violence. In detail, incidence rate of early onset is higher in males than females, while at older onset women predominate. Until the mid-30s, rates are estimated to be approximately 1.5\u20132 times greater in males than females. Later, rates decrease for both sexes, with a narrowing sex ratio, until the mid-40s when there is a minor secondary peak for women. Male patients are likely to have more cognitive impairment and poorer premorbid functioning, more negative symptoms, and more severe deterioration over time. Female patients experienced more severe positive symptoms (hallucinations and persecutory delusions) and commit a greater number of suicide attempts. Women also show a considerably less severe course of the illness: they show a better social functioning and have fewer hospitalizations with shorter inpatient stays. Gender differences have also been well recognized in the response to antipsychotic treatment, with women being better responders than men are. Eating disorders in the past were considered as almost exclusively female disorders (F:M = 20:1), but that is changing rapidly. One million men have been shown to suffer from eating disorders in the USA. Males accounted for roughly 10.0\u201325.0% of eating disorder patients, with the number of men struggling from bulimia nervosa being more than those who struggle with anorexia. Research and knowledge on the topic are expanding rapidly, and recent literature elucidates gender-specific issues in terms of age of onset, weight history and compensatory exercise behavior, frequency of abuse record, and substance use rates. A later age of onset, premorbid obesity, and over-exercise are more likely in men. Around 30% of subjects suffering from an eating disorder were victims of sexual abuse (1:3 in women vs. 1:7 in men) and a substance use disorder is generally more frequent in subjects with eating disorder (particularly the use of steroids and growth hormones in affected men) in comparison to the general population