Letrozole results in a shift in beta diversity after one week of treatment.

<p>Principle Coordinates Analysis based on unweighted UniFrac distances. Comparison of samples from placebo-treated mice colored by collection time, week 0–5 (A). Comparison of samples from letrozole-treated mice colored by collection time, week 0–5 (B). Box and whisker plots showing mean and variance of average pair-wise unweighted UniFrac distances between collection time (week) 0 and all other collection time points in the study for placebo (C) and letrozole-treated mice (D). Bars above the graphs indicate when mean differences between time points were significantly different from mean UniFrac distances within all time points, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.</p

Letrozole treatment resulted in a decrease in Bacteroidales and increase in Clostridiales.

<p>Relative abundance of specific bacteria grouped by order in placebo and letrozole treated mice at the end of the study (week 5).</p

Letrozole treatment blocks the increase in species abundance and phylogenetic diversity observed over time.

<p>Chao1 species (OTU) richness estimates per sample at each collection time for placebo (A) and letrozole-treated mice (B). Faith’s phylogenetic diversity estimate per sample at each collection time for placebo (C) and letrozole-treated mice (D). Results of Pearson’s correlation shown in box inset along with line of best fit. Comparison of Chao1 and Faith’s PD after 5 weeks of placebo or letrozole treatment (ANOVA; * p<0.05) (E), Scatter plot and trend line showing relationship between testosterone levels and change in Chao1 diversity within individuals (time 5 minus time 0) (F). Result of Spearman’s correlation shown in box inset.</p

Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) of the weighted pair-wise Unifrac distances between samples.

<p>The first two principal coordinates explain approx. 50% of the variation. (A) Samples coded by city: Blue Triangles = New York; Red Squares = San Francisco; Orange Circles = Tucson. (B) Samples coded by gender of office occupant: Red Circle = Female; Blue Square = Male.</p

Transition graph showing the average bacterial counts between genders, among cities and among office locations.

<p>The dots indicate the mean bacterial abundance for surfaces grouped by gender of office occupant (top graph), by city (middle graph) and by surface type (bottom graph). The lines connect the means and standard errors for the ranked bacterial counts (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037849#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a>).</p

PCoA analysis of NICU samples and previously published indoor studies.

<p>PCoA of pair-wise weighted UniFrac distances (see Methods) both with biplots that include taxonomy (A), and without biplots (B). The different colored points indicate the various indoor sampling environments Most of the NICU samples cluster with other indoor surface samples, except for nine NICU1 samples in the top left which cluster with a single office surface sample. Order-level taxonomy illustrates that the presence of Enterobacteriales contributes to the distinct clustering of these samples.</p

Most common bacterial genera (with known opportunistic pathogens) found in both NICUs (see Tables S1 and S2 for full list).

<p>Most common bacterial genera (with known opportunistic pathogens) found in both NICUs (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054703#pone.0054703.s001" target="_blank">Tables S1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054703#pone.0054703.s002" target="_blank">S2</a> for full list).</p

Likely sources of microbes in the two NICUs.

<p>SitePainter images display the results from SourceTracker. The NICU sites are colored on a heatmap scale, where blue indicates that low similarity between a sink and a source and red indicates high similarity between a sink and a source Many surfaces have microbial compositions that are not similar to any of the sources (represented by Unknown), while the handles of the drawers, door and faucet, and the keyboard of the incubator, resemble the communities of human skin.</p

The Personal Human Oral Microbiome Obscures the Effects of Treatment on Periodontal Disease

<div><p>Periodontitis is a progressive disease of the periodontium with a complex, polymicrobial etiology. Recent Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) studies of the microbial diversity associated with periodontitis have revealed strong, community-level differences in bacterial assemblages associated with healthy or diseased periodontal sites. In this study, we used NGS approaches to characterize changes in periodontal pocket bacterial diversity after standard periodontal treatment. Despite consistent changes in the abundance of certain taxa in individuals whose condition improved with treatment, post-treatment samples retained the highest similarity to pre-treatment samples from the same individual. Deeper phylogenetic analysis of periodontal pathogen-containing genera <i>Prevotella</i> and <i>Fusobacterium</i> found both unexpected diversity and differential treatment response among species. Our results highlight how understanding interpersonal variability among microbiomes is necessary for determining how polymicrobial diseases respond to treatment and disturbance.</p></div