A stationary visual census technique for quantitatively assessing community structure of coral reef fishes

A new method is described and evaluated for visually sampling reef fish community structure in environments with highly diverse and abundant reef fish populations. The method is based on censuses of reef fishes taken within a cylinder of 7.5 m radius by a diver at randomly selected, stationary points. The method provides quantitative data on frequency of occnrrence, fish length, abundance, and community composition, and is simple, fast, objective, and repeatable. Species are accumulated rapidly for listing purposes, and large numbers of samples are easily obtained for statistical treatment. The method provides an alternative to traditional visual sampling methods. Observations showed that there were no significant differences in total numbers of species or individuals censused when visibility ranged between 8 and 30 m. The reefs and habitats sampled were significant sources of variation in number of species and individuals censused, but the diver was not a significant influence. Community similarity indices were influenced significantly by the specific sampling site and the reef sampled, but were not significantly affected by the habitat or diver (PDF file contains 21 pages.

International Trade and Open Access Renewable Resources: The Small Open Economy Case

This paper develops a two-sector general equilibrium model of an economy with an open access renewable resource. We characterize the autarkic steady state, showing that autarky prices (and 'comparative advantage') are determined by the ratio of intrinsic resource growth to labor. Under free trade, steady state trade and production patterns for a small open economy are determined by whether the resource good's world price exceeds its autarky price. Strikingly, if the small country exports the resource good while remaining diversified, then steady-state utility is lower than in autarky, and increases in the world price of exports are welfare-reducing.

Noah K. Barnum (1824-1913)

Mr. Noah Knapp Barnum was a dealer in hats and caps and hailed from the town of Danbury, Connecticut, an early leader in the hatting industry. He was a resident of Savannah for a period of about 11 or 12 years (1852- 1863-4?) and during that time operated a prosperous business at 153 (now no. 119) W. Congress Street. He was active in community affairs and was a member of the Trinity Methodist Church.https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/sav-bios-lane/1013/thumbnail.jp

Ortho-Hydroxylation of Phenols: With an Addendum on the Cyclisation of 2-Aryloxy-5-Nitrobenzaldehydes

In the method of ortho-hydroxylation studied, phenol, its derivatives or homologues, are condensed with 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzophenone, (Ph.CO.C6H3.NO2.Cl or, for convenience, RCl ) giving aryloxy-nitrobenzophenones of type 1. These, on successive treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid, acetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide, afford o-hydroxyaryloxy-nitrobenzophenones of type 2, which undergo scission in boiling piperidine to give simple derivatives or homologues of catechol. Methylation of type 2 affords compounds of type 3 which on scission yield guaiacol derivatives. Diazomethane is the most reliable methylating agent since it is shown that in suitable compounds of type 2 and in alkaline media, the group R may migrate from one to the other oxygen atom. A preliminary investigation into the possible advantages of 2-chloro-3:5-dinitrobenzophenene over the nono-nitro compound gave promising results. 1. R.O.C6H5; 2. R.O.C6H4.OH; 3. R.O.C6H4.CMe; 4. R O.C6H3.(OH)2; 5. R.O.C6H3.OH.OMe. Renewed hydroxylation, applied to compounds of types 2 and 3, yields those of types 4 and 5 respectively. When heated with piperidine compounds of type 4 in general were not cleaved to pyrogallols, but underwent rearrangement followed by cyclisation, the products finally isolated being derivatives of 4-hydroxy-7-nitro-9-phenylfluorone. The latter process was blocked by the presence of methyl substituents in the positions flanking the two free hydroxyl groups, and in this case with piperidine normal scission to 4:6-dimethylpyrogallol took place. The presence of bromo substituents in these positions did not prevent fluorone formation which was attended by expulsion of one bromine atom. Methylation or tosylation of the hydroxyl groups before treatment with piperidine resulted in normal scission, affording partial O-derivatives of pyrogallol. In one case 1:2:3:4-tetramethoxybenzene was synthesised from phenol by a combination of three hydroxylations and one rearrangement. In an addendum the cyclisation by concentrated sulphuric acid of 2-aryloxy-5-nitrobenzaldehydes is described and is shown to take a different course from that of the 2-arylthio- analogues

Butterflies of the southern Rocky Mountains area, and their natural history and behavior

This book reports the biology of the butterflies of the southern Rocky Mountains area, including all the species in Colorado, although surrounding areas are also discussed, especially the rest of the Southern Rocky Mts. in Wyoming and New Mexico and into Utah. This book presents what is known of the biology of the butterflies of Colorado and vicinity, including hostplants, eggs/larvae/pupae appearance and habits, behavior including flight habits and migration and mate-locating and mating and basking and roosting, and the flowers and other foods of adult butterflies, and natural history aspects of their biochemistry, plus mimicry, flight periods and number of generations, etc. It also includes taxonomic matters to assist identification of all the species and subspecies and forms. Much research on the biology of Colorado area butterflies has been done recently, but it has been published in many scattered publications and scientific journals and is not readily available, and some good research is unpublished; this book attempts to make it available, and provides the sources for good published research.Text only. To view Papilio (New Series) #28, 29, 30, 31 for photos, please see Associated Publications below

Chaetotaxy of first-stage butterfly larvae, with improved homologies and nomenclature for lepidoptera setae and sensilla

This paper has two goals. The first goal, of interest to all Lepidopterists, is to improve the names given to the setae and olfactory pores and sensillae: new homologies of the setae are presented including those on the last abdomen segment (good homologies on this segment are presented for the first time); a name is assigned for every seta and sensilla of the entire body including mouthparts, building upon Hinton (1946); different names are assigned to non-homologous setae that formerly were confused by having the same name; figures and an alphabetical glossary of structures are presented for users. The second goal is to present new data on butterflies, including setal maps for every subfamily known (only Pseudopontiinae and Calinaginae now lack setal maps), an improved key that includes additional subfamilies and genera, and diagnostic characters for each family, subfamily, and tribe. Scott (1986a) presented setal maps for selected first stage butterfly larvae and presented a key to all known North American subfamilies. Scott (1985, 1986b) and Scott and Wright (1990) used characters of first stage larvae as well as many other characters to deduce the phylogeny of butterflies

Larval hostplant records for butterflies and skippers (mainly from western U. S.), with notes on their natural history

March 5, 1986.Includes bibliographical references (pages 36-37).Larval hostplants, based on observations of adult oviposition or larval feeding, are presented for butterflies (including skippers) from western United States (mostly Colorado), and many notes on egg placement, overwintering stage, behavior, and ecology of these species are given. A case of larval hostplant switching is reported in which Phyciodes picta (Nymphalidae) originally fed on Aster (Compositae) but now feeds on the recently introduced Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae), a completely unrelated weedy vine. Ovipositing females have distinctive slow hovering flights, but in Satyrinae these are not as distinct from normal flight. Females of Satyrinae, Speyeria, and Boloria oviposit rather haphazardly near the hostplants, and many Hesperiinae are somewhat haphazard about their choice of grasses/sedges or nearby plants for oviposition