Effect of β-AET on cancellous bone morphometry and histomorphometry and bone resorption and growth.

<p>Male BALB/c mice (n = 10 per group) were subjected to 20% total body surface area burn and treated (sc injection) with vehicle alone, or with β-AET (25 or 50 mg/kg) immediately after thermal trauma. An identical treatment was given 48 hours later and then 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Cancellous bone morphometry and histomorphometry were measured at the proximal tibial metaphysis of mice (A, B). The endochondral growth rate was measured at the tibial epiphyseal growth plate (C) Endocortical eroded surface was measured at the surface of the mid-diaphyseal shaft of the femur (D), as an indicator of osteoclastic bone. ‘#’, ‘b’ and ‘*’ indicate significant differences from the sham control, baseline and vehicle group, respectively, <i>p</i><0.05. Data are expressed as means ± SEM.</p

Correlation of β-AET levels in human plasma with age.

<p>β-AET levels were measured in plasma samples taken from 102 males (aged 20–80) and 150 females (aged 20–73) by reverse phase LC-MS/MS. Linear regression analysis revealed significantly non-zero slope for males (<i>p</i> = 0.02; r² = 0.06) and females (<i>p</i><0.0001; r² = 0.12).</p

Effect of β-AET on femur weights of mice subjected to thermal injury.

<p>Male BALB/c mice (n = 10 per group) were subjected to 20% total body surface area and treated (sc injection) with vehicle alone, or with β-AET (25 or 50 mg/kg) immediately after thermal trauma. An identical treatment was given 48 hours later and then 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Femur was weighed when wet (A), after drying (B) and upon ashing (C). Panel D indicates whole body BMC. ‘#’, ‘b’ and ‘*’ indicate significant difference from the sham control, baseline and vehicle group, respectively, <i>p</i><0.05. The bars represent means ± SEM.</p

Effect of β-AET on human MSC differentiation.

<p>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from human bone were cultured with β-AET (0, 0.1, 1 or 10 µM) for 15 days. The percentage of cells expressing the preosteoblast integrins osteopontin (OP) were measured by flow cytometry. Data are expressed as average % cells +/− standard deviation.</p

Effect of β-AET on GC-induced suppression of genes in MG-63 cell line.

<p>MG-63 cells pre-treated (1 h) with β-AET were exposed to Dex for 8 hours. The expression of IL-6 (A), IL-8 (B) and OPG (C) was determined by ELISA in the culture medium. Significant differences from control (0.04% DMSO) are indicated as follows: *** = (<i>p</i><0.001), ** = (<i>p</i><0.05) and * = (<i>p</i><0.01). # indicates a significant difference from Dex (<i>p</i><0.05). + indicates strong trend (<i>p</i><0.1). Data are expressed as means ± sem; n = 3. Absorbance values are plotted for IL-8 (panel B) because IL-8 concentrations extrapolated from standard curve in Dex only samples were below the limits of the standard curve and could not be reliably calculated.</p