11,709 research outputs found
PROPERTY RIGHTS, GRAZING PERMITS, AND RANCHER WELFARE
This study attempts to link factors affecting the demand for Bureau of Land Management grazing to perceived changes in permittee welfare over the 1962-92 period. Annual demand for federal forage is found to be sensitive to active preference, beef cow and breeding ewe inventories, and grazing fees and nonfee allotment utilization costs. No evidence is found to support the notion that the demand for grazing has been affected by changes in property rights associated with the federal grazing permit that are not reflected in higher user costs. The total decrease in welfare generated from the permit that are not reflected in higher user costs. The total decrease in welfare generated from the permit to graze public lands has been about 9% per authorized cattle animal unit month and 65% per authorized sheep animal unit month over the study period.Land Economics/Use,
Terahertz Waveguiding in Silicon-Core Fibers
We propose the use of a silicon-core optical fiber for terahertz (THz)
waveguide applications. Finite-difference time-domain simulations have been
performed based on a cylindrical waveguide with a silicon core and silica
cladding. High-resistivity silicon has a flat dispersion over a 0.1 - 3 THz
range, making it viable for propagation of tunable narrowband CW THz and
possibly broadband picosecond pules of THz radiation. Simulations show the
propagation dynamics and the integrated intensity, from which transverse mode
profiles and absorption lengths are extraced. It is found that for 140 - 250
micron core diameters the mode is primarily confined to the core, such that the
overall absorbance is only slightly less than in bulk polycrystalline silicon.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, journal submissio
Probing the Gamma-Ray Burst Rate with Trigger Simulations of the Swift Burst Alert Telescope
The long gamma-ray burst (GRB) rate is essential for revealing the connection
between GRBs, supernovae and stellar evolution. Additionally, the GRB rate at
high redshift provides a strong probe of star formation history in the early
universe. While hundreds of GRBs are observed by Swift, it remains difficult to
determine the intrinsic GRB rate due to the complex trigger algorithm of Swift.
Current studies usually approximate the Swift trigger algorithm by a single
detection threshold. However, unlike the previously flown GRB instruments,
Swift has over 500 trigger criteria based on photon count rate and additional
image threshold for localization. To investigate possible systematic biases and
explore the intrinsic GRB properties, we developed a program that is capable of
simulating all the rate trigger criteria and mimicking the image trigger
threshold. We use this program to search for the intrinsic GRB rate. Our
simulations show that adopting the complex trigger algorithm of Swift increases
the detection rate of dim bursts. As a result, we find that either the GRB rate
is much higher than previously expected at large redshift, or the luminosity
evolution is non-negligible. We will discuss the best results of the GRB rate
in our search, and their impact on the star-formation history.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 7th Huntsville Gamma-Ray Burst Symposium, GRB
2013: paper 35 in eConf Proceedings C130414
Probing the Cosmic Gamma-Ray Burst Rate with Trigger Simulations of the Swift Burst Alert Telescope
The gamma-ray burst (GRB) rate is essential for revealing the connection
between GRBs, supernovae and stellar evolution. Additionally, the GRB rate at
high redshift provides a strong probe of star formation history in the early
universe. While hundreds of GRBs are observed by Swift, it remains difficult to
determine the intrinsic GRB rate due to the complex trigger algorithm of Swift.
Current studies of the GRB rate usually approximate the Swift trigger algorithm
by a single detection threshold. However, unlike the previously flown GRB
instruments, Swift has over 500 trigger criteria based on photon count rate and
additional image threshold for localization. To investigate possible systematic
biases and explore the intrinsic GRB properties, we develop a program that is
capable of simulating all the rate trigger criteria and mimicking the image
threshold. Our simulations show that adopting the complex trigger algorithm of
Swift increases the detection rate of dim bursts. As a result, our simulations
suggest bursts need to be dimmer than previously expected to avoid
over-producing the number of detections and to match with Swift observations.
Moreover, our results indicate that these dim bursts are more likely to be high
redshift events than low-luminosity GRBs. This would imply an even higher
cosmic GRB rate at large redshifts than previous expectations based on
star-formation rate measurements, unless other factors, such as the luminosity
evolution, are taken into account. The GRB rate from our best result gives a
total number of 4571^{+829}_{-1584} GRBs per year that are beamed toward us in
the whole universe.
SPECIAL NOTE (2015.05.16): This new version incorporates an erratum. All the
GRB rate normalizations () should be a factor of 2 smaller
than previously reported. Please refer to the Appendix for more details. We
sincerely apologize for the mistake.Comment: 52 pages, 17 figures, published in ApJ 783, 24L (2014). An erratum is
included. A typo in Eq. 8 is fixed in this versio
Whole rock major element chemistry of KREEP basalt clasts in lunar breccia 15205: Implications for the petrogenesis of volcanic KREEP basalts
KREEP basalts are a major component of soils and regolith at the Apollo 15 site. Their origin is controversial: both endogenous (volcanic) and exogenous (impact melt) processes have been proposed, but it is now generally agreed that KREEP basalts are volcanic rocks derived from the nearby Apennine Bench formation. Because most pristine KREEP basalts are found only as small clasts in polymict lunar breccias, reliable chemical data are scarce. The primary aim of this study is to characterize the range in chemical composition of pristine KREEP basalt, and to use these data to decipher the petrogenesis of these unique volcanic rocks
Lunar mare volcanism: Mixing of distinct, mantle source regions with KREEP-like component
Mare basalts comprise less than 1% of the lunar crust, but they constitute our primary source of information on the moon's upper mantle. Compositional variations between mare basalt suites reflect variations in the mineralogical and geochemical composition of the lunar mantle which formed during early lunar differentiation (4.5-4.4 AE). Three broad suites of mare basalt are recognized: very low-Ti (VLT) basalts with TiO2 less than 1 wt%, low-Ti basalts with TiO2 = 2-4 wt%, and high-Ti basalts with TiO2 = 10-14 wt%. Important subgroups include the Apollo 12 ilmenite basalts (TiO2 = 5-6 wt%), aluminous low-Ti mare basalts (TiO2 = 2-4 wt%, Al2O3 = 10-14 wt%), and the newly discovered Very High potassium (VHK) aluminous low-Ti basalts, with K2O = 0.4-1.5 wt%. The mare basalt source region has geochemical characteristics complementary to the highlands crust and is generally thought to consist of mafic cumulates from the magma ocean which formed the felsic crust by feldspar flotation. The progressive enrichment of mare basalts in Fe/Mg, alkalis, and incompatible trace elements in the sequence VLT basalt yields low-Ti basalt yields high-Ti basalt is explained by the remelting of mafic cumulates formed at progressively shallower depths in the evolving magma ocean. This model is also consistent with the observed decrease in compatible element concentrations and the progressive increase in negative Eu anomalies
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