Optical Sensing of Combustion Instabilities in Gas Turbines

In a continuing program of research and development, a system has been demonstrated that makes high-speed measurements of thermal infrared radiance from gas-turbine engine exhaust streams. When a gas-turbine engine is operated under conditions that minimize the emission of pollutants, there is a risk of crossing the boundary from stable to unstable combustion. Combustion instability can lead to engine damage and even catastrophic failure. Sensor systems of the type under development could provide valuable data during the development testing of gas-turbine engines or of engine components. A system of the type under development makes high-speed measurements of thermal infrared radiance from the engine exhaust stream. The sensors of this system can be mounted outside the engine, which eliminates the need for engine case penetrations typical with other engine dynamics monitors. This is an important advantage in that turbine-engine manufacturers consider such penetrations to be very undesirable. A prototype infrared sensor system has been built and demonstrated on a turbine engine. This system includes rugged and inexpensive near-infrared sensors and filters that select wavelengths of infrared radiation for high sensitivity. In experiments, low-frequency signatures were consistently observed in the detector outputs. Under some conditions, the signatures also included frequency components having one or two radiance cycles per engine revolution. Although it has yet to be verified, it is thought that the low-frequency signatures may be associated with bulk-mode combustion instabilities or flow instabilities in the compressor section of the engine, while the engine- revolution-related signatures may be indicative of mechanical problems in the engine. The system also demonstrated the ability to detect transient high-radiance events. These events indicate hot spots in the exhaust stream and were found to increase in frequency during engine acceleration

Spitzer Space Telescope: Innovations and Optimizations in the Extended Mission Era

NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope continues to operate well past its original cryogenic mission concept (2003-2009), executing both a follow-on “Warm” mission (2009-2016) and the current “Beyond” (2016-present) mission phase. As Spitzer’s unique Earth-trailing orbit carries it ever further from us (now surpassing 1.6 astronomical unit), its orbital geometry provides challenges to all operational teams. Nevertheless, the combined efforts of the geographically dispersed Spitzer teams ensure that the observatory’s instrumental and observational capabilities remain either undiminished or improved, and the high overall science data collection efficiency remains nearly unchanged. In this contribution, we outline several operational changes, innovations, and optimizations that have both minimized the impact of the growing distance on data transmission and enhanced the precision of data acquired by the science instruments. Though faced with diminishing budgetary resources that reduced staffing and allowed fewer upgrades of aging equipment, extended mission operations can provide an opportunity to acquire extensive science at bargain prices. The spacecraft, ground, and mission operations systems and procedures to perform the extended mission are already in place from the prime mission. The key to maintaining successful extended operations is the proper automation, modification and process enhancement of extant prime mission capabilities and procedures to maximize science return with acceptable risk as opposed to the creation of new capabilities. Spitzer’s successful optimization of existing operational capabilities and the associated lessons learned that have gone into maximizing the lifetime well into its second decade of operation will hopefully provide guidelines for future missions, as it continues to make important contributions to the field of astrophysics, including the recent, highly significant discovery and characterization of exoplanets in the TRAPPIST-1 system

Spitzer Space Telescope: Innovations and Optimizations in the Extended Mission Era

NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope continues to operate well past its original cryogenic mission concept (2003-2009), executing both a follow-on “Warm” mission (2009-2016) and the current “Beyond” (2016-present) mission phase. As Spitzer’s unique Earth-trailing orbit carries it ever further from us (now surpassing 1.6 astronomical unit), its orbital geometry provides challenges to all operational teams. Nevertheless, the combined efforts of the geographically dispersed Spitzer teams ensure that the observatory’s instrumental and observational capabilities remain either undiminished or improved, and the high overall science data collection efficiency remains nearly unchanged. In this contribution, we outline several operational changes, innovations, and optimizations that have both minimized the impact of the growing distance on data transmission and enhanced the precision of data acquired by the science instruments. Though faced with diminishing budgetary resources that reduced staffing and allowed fewer upgrades of aging equipment, extended mission operations can provide an opportunity to acquire extensive science at bargain prices. The spacecraft, ground, and mission operations systems and procedures to perform the extended mission are already in place from the prime mission. The key to maintaining successful extended operations is the proper automation, modification and process enhancement of extant prime mission capabilities and procedures to maximize science return with acceptable risk as opposed to the creation of new capabilities. Spitzer’s successful optimization of existing operational capabilities and the associated lessons learned that have gone into maximizing the lifetime well into its second decade of operation will hopefully provide guidelines for future missions, as it continues to make important contributions to the field of astrophysics, including the recent, highly significant discovery and characterization of exoplanets in the TRAPPIST-1 system