Motivation as it pertains to students with problems in learning: implications for teachers

In this paper, the author has surveyed the research which pertains to motivation in order to discover how to utilize the readiness to learn and heighten the incentive to learn of those who find learning frustrating without special help. If compensatory techniques for behavioral difficulties can be developed along with remediation of perceptual difficulties, the educational potential of the frustrated LD student will be enhanced and his overall adjustment to family and society may be increased by a skillful teacher

4-Amino­pyridinium 4-carb­oxy­butano­ate

The asymmetric unit of the title salt, C5H7N2 +·C5H7O4 −, contains two 4-amino­pyridinium cations and two 4-carb­oxy­butano­ate anions. Each 4-amino­pyridinium cation is planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.005 (2) Å. Both 4-carb­oxy­butano­ate anions adopt an extended conformation. In the crystal structure, the cations and anions are linked via N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to the bc plane

Tetra­kis(4-amino­pyridine-κN 1)dichlorido­copper(II) monohydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [CuCl2(C5H6N2)4]·H2O, contains two crystallographically independent complex mol­ecules and two water mol­ecules. The CuII ion in each mol­ecule is six-coordinated in an elongated octa­hedral geometry, with the equatorial plane defined by four pyridine N atoms of four amino­pyridine ligands and the axial positions occupied by two Cl atoms. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into a three-dimensional framework by C—H⋯Cl, O—H⋯Cl, N—H⋯O, N—H⋯Cl and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and C/N—H⋯π inter­actions involving the pyridine rings

Autoimmune Hypothyroidism Associated with Interferon beta-1b Treatment in Two Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

We report the development of autoimmune hypothyroidism in two multiple sclerosis patients receiving interferon-beta-1b therapy

4-Amino­pyridinium 4-amino­benzene­sulfonate 4-ammonio­benzene­sulfonate monohydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C5H7N2 +·C6H6NO3S−·C6H7NO3S·H2O, contains one 4-ammonio­benzene­sulfonate zwitterion (+H3NC6H4SO3 −), one 4-amino­benzene­sulfonate anion (H2NC6H4SO3 −), one 4-amino­pyridinium cation and two half-mol­ecules of water, each lying on a twofold rotation axis. The various ions and molecules in the structure are linked through N—H⋯O, N—H⋯N and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds and C—H—π inter­actions into a three-dimensional framework

Operationalising cognitive fatigability in multiple sclerosis: a Gordian knot that can be cut?

Background: Researchers have attempted to operationalise objective measures of cognitive fatigability in multiple sclerosis (MS) to overcome the perceived subjectivity of patient-reported outcomes of fatigue (PROs). Measures of cognitive fatigability examine decrements in performance during sustained neurocognitive tasks. Objective: This personal viewpoint briefly summarises available evidence for measures of cognitive fatigability in MS and considers their overall utility. Results: Studies suggest there may be a construct that is distinct from self-reported fatigue, reflecting a new potential intervention target. However, assessments vary and findings across and within measures are inconsistent. Few measures have been guided by a coherent theory, and those identified are likely to be influenced by other confounds, such as cognitive impairment caused more directly by disease processes, depression and assessment biases. Conclusion: Future research may benefit from (a) developing a guiding theory of cognitive fatigability, (b) examining ecological and construct validity of existing assessments and (c) exploring whether the more promising cognitive fatigability measures are correlated with impaired functioning after accounting for possible confounds. Given the issues raised, we caution that our purposes as researchers may be better served by continuing our search for a more objective cognitive fatigability construct that runs in parallel with improving, rather than devaluing, current PROs

4-Amino­pyridinium 2-hy­droxy­benzoate

In the salicylate anion of the title salt, C5H7N2 +·C7H5O3 −, an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond generating an S(6) ring motif is observed. In the crystal structure, the cations and anions are linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to the ab plane by N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The network contains R 2 2(7) and R 1 2(4) ring motifs. Weak π–π inter­actions between the benzene and pyridinium rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.688 (1) Å] are also observed