The effects of siblings on the migration of women in two rural areas of Belgium and the Netherlands, 1829-1940

This study explores the extent to which the presence and activities of siblings shaped the chances of women migrating to rural and urban areas in two rural areas of Belgium and the Netherlands during the second half of the nineteenth and first decades of the twentieth century. Shared-frailty Cox proportional hazard analyses of longitudinal data from historical population registers show that siblings exerted an additive impact on women's migration, independently of temporal and household characteristics. Just how siblings influenced women's migration depended on regional modes of production and on employment opportunities. In the Zeeland region, sisters channelled each other into service positions. In the Pays de Herve, where men and women found industrial work in the Walloon cities, women were as much influenced by their brothers' activities. Evidence is found for two mechanisms explaining the effects of siblings: micro-economic notions of joint-household decision-making and social capital theory

A Comparison of Helping, Sharing, Comforting, Honesty, and Civic Awareness for Children in Home Care, Day Care, and Preschool

Fifty-nine children, including 18 children (10 girls and eight boys) just entering preschool, 19 children (eight girls and 11 boys) just entering or reentering day care, and 22 children (10 girls and 12 boys) in home care were asked to give their solutions to helping, sharing, comforting, and honesty dilemmas and to identify public figures from their pictures (civic awareness). The three subsamples were retested three months later. Scores differed among groups for dependent variables only in civic awareness. Preschool children scored higher on civic awareness than day care or home care children