Machen Videospiele aggressiv?

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Frage des Einflusses gewalthaltiger Bildschirmspiele auf die Aggressivität von Jugendlichen anhand einer Längsschnittuntersuchung. Zu zwei Erhebungszeitpunkten wurden insgesamt 169 SchülerInnen der sechsten und siebten Schulstufe zu ihren Video- und Computerspielgewohnheiten befragt und deren Aggressivität, Attributionsstil und normative Einstellungen bezüglich aggressiver Verhaltensweisen erhoben. Mediationsanalysen zu querschnittlichen Beziehungen sprechen bei den weiblichen Teilnehmerinnen für einen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen dem Konsum gewalthaltiger Bildschirmspiele und offener, reaktiver, sowie instrumenteller Aggressivität, welcher über den Attributionsstil und die normativen Einstellungen bezüglich physisch aggressiver Verhaltensweisen vermittelt wird. Längsschnittliche Analysen zeigten, dass der Konsum nicht altersgemäßer gewalthaltiger Bildschirmspiele bei den weiblichen Teilnehmerinnen über einen Zeitraum von sechs Monaten zu einer erhöhten offenen, reaktiven und instrumentellen Aggressivität geführt hat. Es besteht die Vermutung, dass weibliche Jugendliche mit einer Vorliebe für nicht jugendfreie Gewaltspiele einer Gruppe von „high-risk-players“ angehören, welche für die Effekte von gewalthaltigen Bildschirmspielen besonders vulnerabel ist.The present study examines the effects of violent video games on adolescents’ aggressiveness using a longitudinal approach. In two waves of data collection, a total of 169 sixth and seventh grade students completed measures of video- and computer game usage, aggressiveness, attributional style and normative beliefs about aggression. For female participants, mediation analyses of cross-sectional data revealed a significant relationship between the usage of violent electronic games and overt, reactive and instrumental aggressiveness, which was mediated by attributional style and normative beliefs about physical aggression. Longitudinal analyses showed that the consumption of non-age-appropriately violent electronic games over a period of six months had caused higher overt, reactive and instrumental aggression among girls. Due to the results of the present study there are grounds for the assumption that girls with a preference for mature-rated violent games belong to a group of “high-risk-players”, who have a higher vulnerability to the effects of violent electronic games

A Modified Implementation Mapping Methodology for Evaluating and Learning From Existing Implementation

When empirically supported interventions are implemented in real-world practice settings, the process of how these interventions are implemented is highly relevant for their potential success. Implementation Mapping is a method that provides step-by-step guidance for systematically designing implementation processes that fit the respective intervention and context. It includes needs assessments among relevant stakeholders, the identification of implementation outcomes and determinants, the selection and design of appropriate implementation strategies, the production of implementation protocols and an implementation outcome evaluation. Implementation Mapping is generally conceptualized as a tool to prospectively guide implementation. However, many implementation efforts build on previous or ongoing implementation efforts, i.e., “existing implementation.” Learnings from existing implementation may offer insights critical to the success of further implementation activities. In this article, we present a modified Implementation Mapping methodology to be applied when evaluating existing implementation. We illustrate the methodology using the example of evaluating ongoing organized colorectal cancer screening programs in Switzerland. Through this example, we describe how we identify relevant stakeholders, implementation determinants and outcomes as well as currently employed implementation strategies. Moreover, we describe how we compare the types of strategies that are part of existing implementation efforts with those that implementation science would suggest as being suited to address identified implementation determinants. The results can be used for assessing the current state of implementation outcomes, refining ongoing implementation strategies, and informing future implementation efforts

Gender Typicality and Prestige of Occupational Aspirations in Adolescents: The Relevance of Agency and Communion

Occupational gender segregation is still a persistent problem in the labor market. This study investigates gender differences in gender typicality and prestige of occupational aspirations in early adolescence, as well as the role of agency and communion in these differences. In total, 2779 adolescents (age 11–15) reported their occupational aspirations, later coded for gender typicality and prestige. Participants also described themselves spontaneously with three attributes, then coded in terms of agency and communion. The results showed significant gender differences in a stereotypical direction for 40% of the occupations named, with boys expressing a clear preference for male-dominated and girls for female-dominated occupations. Conversely, the results revealed higher aspirations among girls regarding occupational prestige. Communion was found to be a significant mediator between gender and aspirations to typically feminine occupations, while agency mediated the relationship between gender and the prestige of aspirations. The findings’ implications for theory and practice are discussed

Barriers and Facilitators for Conducting Implementation Science in German-Speaking Countries: Findings from the Promote ImpSci Interview Study

On a global scale, implementation science has developed considerably as a discipline in recent years. In German-speaking countries, the field has been gaining significance as well, but respective efforts in building capacity and advancing the research infrastructure are still rare. The present study investigates barriers and facilitators for conducting implementation science in German-speaking countries with the goal of formulating recommendations for creating a more supportive research infrastructure. We conducted an interview study with nine well-established implementation researchers affiliated with universities in Austria, Germany, or Switzerland. The interviews were held via Zoom or phone in November and December 2020, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Barriers that relate to characteristics of the discipline were difficulties in building a common understanding of the field and the complexity of implementation research projects. Although supportive scientific networks were important facilitators, interviewees mentioned challenges in connecting with likeminded researchers. A further barrier was the lack of opportunities for education and training in implementation science, especially in the German language. Also, participants reported a missing readiness in academia for establishing implementation science that should be addressed by advocacy of the discipline toward academic decision makers. Moreover, since most national funding agencies prioritize basic research over applied research, some interviewees named flexibility in handling research funds as a facilitator for implementation research. The results inform an agenda for promoting implementation science in German-speaking countries and can be beneficial to other countries that are currently advancing their implementation research capacity and infrastructure

Benefits of Psychological Androgyny in Adolescence: The Role of Gender Role Self-Concept in School-Related Well-Being

It has been repeatedly shown that the extent to which individuals adopt stereotypically masculine and feminine traits in their self-concept impacts their health and well-being. This is especially important in adolescence, when developmental changes and social pressures to conform to stereotypical gender roles can affect psychological functioning. However, previous studies investigating relationship between gender role self-concept and well-being in adolescents focused mostly on general well-being rather than well-being in specific contexts. Given that school is one of the most important contexts for adolescents’ development and well-being, the aim of this study was to investigate differences between adolescents with different gender role self-concepts (masculine, feminine, androgynous and undifferentiated) in school-related well-being. In line with the new conceptualization of well-being uniting hedonic (pleasure attainment and pain avoidance) and eudemonic (self-actualization and having meaningful purpose in one’s life) approaches, the present study used a measure of school-related well-being encompassing five domains suggested in the EPOCH (Engagement, Perseverance, Optimism, Connectedness and Happiness) model as well as a superordinate well-being factor. A total of 999 Austrian adolescents (52.2% girls, M(age) = 13.79, SD(age) = 1.53) answered inventories assessing adolescents’ gender role self-concept (GRI-JUG) and school-related well-being (EPOCH-G-S). The results supported the androgyny model of well-being, showing clear advantages of having both positive masculine and feminine qualities in one’s self-concept for optimal levels of school-related well-being. In addition, our results indicated the strong importance of femininity in adolescence and the school context. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed

Supporting Third Mission activities at Universities: Deans' opinions and recommendations

Universities are increasingly required to address societal challenges in teaching and research as their third mission (TM). We took an educational-psychological approach to assessing parameters which support university members in setting goals and taking action for TM activities. For that purpose, we conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with the deans of all 19 faculties at the University of Vienna assessing opinions and recommendations related to the TM. In addition, we conducted interviews with 23 TM actors and a university-wide online survey to capture current TM activities. Key requirements for implementing the TM were improved visibility and explicit appreciation of related activities

German language questionnaires for assessing implementation constructs and outcomes of psychosocial and health-related interventions: a systematic review

Abstract Background Over the past years, implementation science has gained more and more importance in German-speaking countries. Reliable and valid questionnaires are needed for evaluating the implementation of evidence-based practices. On an international level, several initiatives focused on the identification of questionnaires used in English-speaking countries but limited their search processes to mental health and public health settings. Our aim was to identify questionnaires used in German-speaking countries measuring the implementation of interventions in public health and health care settings in general and to assess their psychometric properties. Methods We searched five different bibliographic databases (from 1985 to August 2017) and used several other search strategies (e.g., reference lists, forward citation) to obtain our data. We assessed the instruments, which were identified in an independent dual review process, using 12 psychometric rating criteria. Finally, we mapped the instruments’ scales and subscales in regard to the constructs of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and the Implementation Outcome Framework (IOF). Results We identified 31 unique instruments available for the assessment of implementation science constructs. Hospitals and other health care settings were the ones most often investigated (23 instruments), while education and childcare settings, workplace settings, and community settings lacked published instruments. Internal consistency, face and content validity, usability, and structural validity were the aspects most often described. However, most studies did not report on test-retest reliability, known-groups validity, predictive criterion validity, or responsiveness. Overall, the majority of studies did not reveal high-quality instruments, especially regarding the psychometric criteria internal consistency, structural validity, and criterion validity. In addition, we seldom detected instruments operationalizing the CFIR domains intervention characteristics, outer setting, and process, and the IOF constructs adoption, fidelity, penetration, and sustainability. Conclusions Overall, a sustained and continuous effort is needed to improve the reliability and validity of existing instruments to new ones. Instruments applicable to the assessment of implementation constructs in public health and community settings are urgently needed. Trial registration The systematic review protocol was registered in PROSPERO on October 19, 2017, under the following number: CRD42017075208

Implementation of infection prevention and control for hospitalized neonates: A narrative review

Background The most prevalent infections encountered in neonatal care are healthcare-associated infections. The majority of healthcare-associated infections are considered preventable with evidence-based infection prevention and control (IPC) practices. However, substantial knowledge gaps exist in IPC implementation in neonatal care. Furthermore, the knowledge of factors which facilitate or challenge the uptake and sustainment of IPC programmes in neonatal units is limited. The integration of implementation science approaches in IPC programmes in neonatal care aims to address these problems. Objectives The aim of this narrative review was to identify determinants which have been reported to influence the implementation of IPC programmes and best practices in inpatient neonatal care settings. Sources A literature search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) in May 2022. Primary study reports published in English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Danish, Swedish or Norwegian since 2000 were eligible for inclusion. Included studies focused on IPC practices in inpatient neonatal care settings and reported determinants which influenced implementation processes. Content The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was used to identify and cluster reported determinants to the implementation of IPC practices and programmes in neonatal care. Most studies reported challenges and facilitators at the organizational level as particularly relevant to implementation processes. The commonly reported determinants included staffing levels, work- and caseloads, as well as aspects of organizational culture such as communication and leadership. Implications The presented knowledge about factors influencing neonatal IPC can support the design, implementation, and evaluation of IPC practices

User testing of an adaptation of fishbone diagrams to depict results of systematic reviews

Abstract Background Summary of findings tables in systematic reviews are highly informative but require epidemiological training to be interpreted correctly. The usage of fishbone diagrams as graphical displays could offer researchers an effective approach to simplify content for readers with limited epidemiological training. In this paper we demonstrate how fishbone diagrams can be applied to systematic reviews and present the results of an initial user testing. Methods Findings from two systematic reviews were graphically depicted in the form of the fishbone diagram. To test the utility of fishbone diagrams compared with summary of findings tables, we developed and pilot-tested an online survey using Qualtrics. Respondents were randomized to the fishbone diagram or a summary of findings table presenting the same body of evidence. They answered questions in both open-ended and closed-answer formats; all responses were anonymous. Measures of interest focused on first and second impressions, the ability to find and interpret critical information, as well as user experience with both displays. We asked respondents about the perceived utility of fishbone diagrams compared to summary of findings tables. We analyzed quantitative data by conducting t-tests and comparing descriptive statistics. Results Based on real world systematic reviews, we provide two different fishbone diagrams to show how they might be used to display complex information in a clear and succinct manner. User testing on 77 students with basic epidemiological training revealed that participants preferred summary of findings tables over fishbone diagrams. Significantly more participants liked the summary of findings table than the fishbone diagram (71.8% vs. 44.8%; p < .01); significantly more participants found the fishbone diagram confusing (63.2% vs. 35.9%, p < .05) or indicated that it was difficult to find information (65.8% vs. 45%; p < .01). However, more than half of the participants in both groups were unable to find critical information and answer three respective questions correctly (52.6% in the fishbone group; 51.3% in the summary of findings group). Conclusions Fishbone diagrams are compact visualizations that, theoretically, may prove useful for summarizing the findings of systematic reviews. Initial user testing, however, did not support the utility of such graphical displays