Pregnancy in women with liver cirrhosis is associated with increased risk for complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature

Background: Pregnancy and liver cirrhosis is a rare but increasing combination. Liver cirrhosis can raise the chance of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity, although the exact risks remain unclear. Objective: To provide a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on maternal, fetal and obstetric complications among pregnant women with liver cirrhosis. Search strategy: We performed a systematic literature search in the databases PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE (Ovid) from inception through 25 January 2021. Selection criteria: Studies including pregnancies with liver cirrhosis and controls were eligible. Data collection and analysis: Two reviewers independently evaluated study eligibility. We used the random effects model for meta-analysis. Main results: Our search yielded 3118 unique papers. We included 11 studies, including 2912 pregnancies in women with cirrhosis from 1982–2020. Seven studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The overall maternal mortality rate was 0.89%. Maternal mortality and variceal haemorrhage were lower in recent than in older studies. Most cases of maternal mortality due to variceal haemorrhage (70%) occurred during vaginal delivery. Pregnant women with liver cirrhosis had a higher chance of preterm delivery (OR 6.7, 95% CI 5.1–9.1), caesarean section (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7–3.9), pre-eclampsia (OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.2–6.5) and small-for-gestational-age neonates (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6–4.2) compared with the general obstetric population. Subgroup analyses could not be conducted. Conclusions: Liver cirrhosis in pregnant women is associated with increases in maternal mortality and obstetric and fetal complications. Large international prospective studies are needed to identify risk factors for unfavourable outcome. Tweetable abstract: Systematic review and meta-analysis: higher risks that pregnant women with liver cirrhosis face are quantified

Reporting multiple cycles in trials on medically assisted reproduction

Trials assessing effectiveness in medically assisted reproduction (MAR) should aim to study the desired effect over multiple cycles, as this reflects clinical practice and captures the relevant perspective for the couple. The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which multiple cycles are reported in MAR trials. A sample of randomized controlled trials (RCT) was collected on MAR, published in four time periods, in 11 pre-specified peer-reviewed journals; 253 trials were included: 196 on IVF, 37 on intrauterine insemination and 20 on ovulation induction. Forty-eight (19%) reported on multiple cycles, which was significantly more common in trials on intrauterine insemination and ovulation induction compared with trials on IVF (P < 0.01). Both trials on IVF were multi-centre trials, and those using live birth as primary outcome, reported significantly more often on multiple cycles (OR 3.7 CI 1.1 to 12.5) and (OR 8.7 CI 1.8 to 40.3), respectively. Trials designed to compare protocol variations reported multiple cycles less often (OR 0.07 CI 0.01 to 0.74). Most RCT on MAR, especially those on IVF, do not report cumulative pregnancy rates. As not all women become pregnant in their first cycle, the clinical significance of these trials is limite

Impact of assisted reproductive technology on the incidence of multiple-gestation infants: a population perspective

To study the value of a population view in assessing assisted reproductive technology (ART) multiple-gestation infants. Descriptive comparison of ART treatment and population statistics in seven developed countries (United States [U.S.], South Korea, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Australia, Belgium, Denmark) with varying ART utilization and single-embryo transfer (SET) rates. Not applicable. Not applicable. None. The contribution of ART multiple-gestation infants to the total number of multiple-gestation infants in a population was calculated in relation to utilization of ART and SET rates. The number of ART treatments leading to embryo transfer varied from 304 per million inhabitants in the U.S. to 1,518 in Denmark. The percentage of ART cycles that utilized SET varied from 8.8% in South Korea to 53.3% in Australia. Reflecting both utilization rates and SET rates, the percentage of multiple-gestation infants in the population attributed to ART ranged from 14.7% in South Korea to 29.0% in Denmark. In seven countries, the contribution of ART multiple-gestation infants to all multiple-gestation infants varies from 14.7% to 29.0%, a percentage that was influenced by both the SET rate per cycle and ART utilization rates. In the monitoring of safety and efficacy of fertility treatment, registration of the percentage of SET cycles alone might not be sufficien

Translation of the eHealth Impact Questionnaire for a Population of Dutch Electronic Health Users: Validation Study

BACKGROUND: The eHealth Impact Questionnaire (eHIQ) provides a standardized method to measure attitudes of electronic health (eHealth) users toward eHealth. It has previously been validated in a population of eHealth users in the United Kingdom and consists of 2 parts and 5 subscales. Part 1 measures attitudes toward eHealth in general and consists of the subscales attitudes towards online health information (5 items) and attitudes towards sharing health experiences online (6 items). Part 2 measures the attitude toward a particular eHealth application and consists of the subscales confidence and identification (9 items), information and presentation (8 items), and understand and motivation (9 items). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to translate and validate the eHIQ in a Dutch population of eHealth users. METHODS: The eHIQ was translated and validated in accordance with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments criteria. The validation comprised 3 study samples, with a total of 1287 participants. Structural validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analyses and exploratory factor analyses (EFAs; all 3 samples). Internal consistency was assessed using hierarchical omega (all 3 samples). Test-retest reliability was assessed after 2 weeks, using 2-way intraclass correlation coefficients (sample 1). Measurement error was assessed by calculating the smallest detectable change (sample 1). Convergent and divergent validity were assessed using correlations with the remaining measures (all 3 samples). A graded response model was fit, and item information curves were plotted to describe the information provided by items across item trait levels (all 3 samples). RESULTS: The original factor structure showed a bad fit in all 3 study samples. EFAs showed a good fit for a modified factor structure in the first study sample. This factor structure was subsequently tested in samples 2 and 3 and showed acceptable to good fits. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and divergent validity were acceptable to good for both the original as the modified factor structure, except for test-retest reliability of one of the original subscales and the 2 derivative subscales in the modified factor structure. The graded response model showed that some items underperformed in both the original and modified factor structure. CONCLUSIONS: The Dutch version of the eHIQ (eHIQ-NL) shows a different factor structure compared with the original English version. Part 1 of the eHIQ-NL consists of 3 subscales: attitudes towards online health information (5 items), comfort with sharing health experiences online (3 items), and usefulness of sharing health experiences online (3 items). Part 2 of the eHIQ-NL consists of 3 subscales: motivation and confidence to act (10 items), information and presentation (13 items), and identification (3 items)

The effectiveness of intrauterine insemination: A matched cohort study

To study the effectiveness of an intrauterine insemination (IUI) program compared to no treatment in subfertile couples with unexplained subfertility and a poor prognosis on natural conception. A retrospective matched cohort study in which ongoing pregnancy rates in 72 couples who voluntarily dropped out of treatment with IUI were compared to ongoing pregnancy rates in 144 couples who continued treatment with IUI. Couples with unexplained subfertility, mild male subfertility or cervical factor subfertility who started treatment with IUI between January 2000 and December 2008 were included. Couples were matched on hospital, age, duration of subfertility, primary or secondary subfertility and diagnosis. Primary outcome was cumulative ongoing pregnancy rate after three years. Time to pregnancy was censored at the moment couples were lost to follow up or when their child wish ended and, for the no-treatment group, when couples re-started treatment. After three years, there were 18 pregnancies in the stopped treatment group (25%) versus 41 pregnancies in the IUI group (28%) (RR 1.1 (0.59-2.2)(p=0.4)). The cumulative pregnancy rate after three years was 40% in both groups, showing no difference in time to ongoing pregnancy (shared frailty model p=0.86). In couples with unexplained subfertility and a poor prognosis for natural conception, treatment with IUI does not to add to expectant management. There is need for a randomized clinical trial comparing IUI with expectant management in these couple

HSROC curve.

<p>Hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) plot of sperm DNA fragmentation for prediction of (clinical) pregnancy. Each circle on the plot represents the pair of sensitivity and specificity from a study and the size of the circle is scaled according to the sample size of the study. The solid red block represents the summary sensitivity and specificity, and this summary point is surrounded by a 95% confidence region (yellow dashed line) and 95% prediction region (green dotted line). Sperm DNA fragmentation in the prediction of (clinical) pregnancy for all studies and all cut-off values of the DNA fragmentation index reported: (A) SCSA, (B) SCD test, (C) TUNEL assay and (D) alkaline Comet assay. AUC: Area under the curve; HSROC: Hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristics.</p

Overall risk of bias in meta-analysis.

<p>This figure illustrates the overall risk of bias in the meta-analysis. The horizontal axis represents the number of studies included. The color of the bars represent the risk of bias. Yellow: high risk, blue: low risk and grey: unclear risk.</p

Descriptive data of all studies for the meta-analysis regarding SCSA, SCD test, TUNEL assay and Comet assay as tools for measure sperm DNA fragmentation.

<p>Descriptive data of all studies for the meta-analysis regarding SCSA, SCD test, TUNEL assay and Comet assay as tools for measure sperm DNA fragmentation.</p