Duodenal ileus caused by a calf feeding nipple in a cow

Background: The aim of this report was to describe duodenal obstruction caused by a rubber foreign body in a cow. Case Presentation: The clinical, biochemical and ultrasonographic findings in a five-year-old Swiss Braunvieh cow with duodenal ileus caused by a calf feeding nipple are described. The main clinical signs were anorexia, ruminal tympany, decreased faecal output and abomasal reflux syndrome. Ultrasonographic examination revealed reticular hyperactivity and a dilated duodenum. A diagnosis of duodenal ileus was made and the cow underwent rightflank laparotomy, which revealed a dilation of the cranial part of the duodenum because of obstruction by a pliable foreign body. This was identified via enterotomy as a calf feeding nipple. The cow was healthy at the time of discharge four days after surgery and went on to complete a successful lactation. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first description of duodenal obstruction by a calf feeding nipple. This is an interesting case, which broadens the spectrum of the causes of duodenal ileus, which is usually caused by obstruction of the duodenum by a phytobezoar

Duodenal ileus caused by a calf feeding nipple in a cow

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of this report was to describe duodenal obstruction caused by a rubber foreign body in a cow.</p> <p>Case Presentation</p> <p>The clinical, biochemical and ultrasonographic findings in a five-year-old Swiss Braunvieh cow with duodenal ileus caused by a calf feeding nipple are described. The main clinical signs were anorexia, ruminal tympany, decreased faecal output and abomasal reflux syndrome. Ultrasonographic examination revealed reticular hyperactivity and a dilated duodenum. A diagnosis of duodenal ileus was made and the cow underwent right-flank laparotomy, which revealed a dilation of the cranial part of the duodenum because of obstruction by a pliable foreign body. This was identified via enterotomy as a calf feeding nipple. The cow was healthy at the time of discharge four days after surgery and went on to complete a successful lactation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>To our knowledge, this is the first description of duodenal obstruction by a calf feeding nipple. This is an interesting case, which broadens the spectrum of the causes of duodenal ileus, which is usually caused by obstruction of the duodenum by a phytobezoar.</p

Ultrasonographic findings in a cow with abomasal lymphosarcoma: Case report

Background: This case report describes the clinical and ultrasonographic findings in a Swiss Braunvieh cow with lymphosarcoma of the abomasum. Case Presentation: The main clinical findings were vomiting in response to eating and melena. The results of serum biochemistry and rumen fluid analysis were indicative of abomasal reflux syndrome. The main ultrasonographic findings were two enlarged lymph nodes caudal to the reticulum and a severely enlarged abomasum with thickening of the abomasal wall and folds. Based on all the findings, pyloric stenosis caused by lymphosarcoma was tentatively diagnosed and later confirmed at postmortem examination. Conclusions: This is an interesting case, which broadens the spectrum of abomasal reflux syndrome

Computertomographische Untersuchung des Abdomens von Kälbern von der Geburt bis zum Alter von 105 Tagen

In dieser Arbeit wurde das Abdomen von 5 gesunden männlichen Holstein-Friesiankälbern mit einem Mehrschicht-Computertomographen (CT) der siebten Generation untersucht. Die Untersuchung erfolgte am ersten oder zweiten, am 21., am 42., am 63., am 84. und am 105. Lebenstag in sternaler Lage in Allgemeinanästhesie. Dazu erfolgte eine Exposition von 120 kV und 270 mA im Weichteilalgorithmus (B20s). Es wurden eine native Studie und im Anschluss daran eine Studie nach Verabreichung eines Kontrastmittels durchgeführt. Durch die wiederholten Untersuchungen im Abstand von jeweils 21 Tagen konnte die Organentwicklung bildlich dargestellt werden. Direkt im Anschluss an die 6. CT-Untersuchung am 105. Lebenstag wurden die Kälber euthanasiert. Danach wurden die Tiere in Sternallage bei -18 °C eingefroren, um anatomische Schnittpräparate von 1.0 bis 3.0 cm Dicke in der transversalen, der sagittalen und der dorsalen Ebene zu gewinnen. In einer vergleichenden Gegenüberstellung der CT-Bilder mit den anatomischen Schnittbildern wurden die im CT-Bild identifizierten Strukturen beschriftet. Die Querschnittanatomie des Abdomens des 105 Tage alten Kalbes wurde in Form eines Bildatlas im Detail dargestellt. Darüber hinaus wurden durch die Längen- und Breitenvermessung sowie der Dichte- und Volumenbestimmung der abdominalen Strukturen in jedem Alter (Leber, Gallenblase, Milz, Pankreas, Magen-Darmtrakt, Harnapparat, Nebennieren, Gefässe und Lymphknoten) Normalwerte für die Kälber in Abhängigkeit vom Alter ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse stellen die Grundlage für die CT-Beurteilung des Abdomens von Kälbern dar. In this study, five clinically healthy, male, Holstein-Friesian calves underwent computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen using a seventh generation, multi-layer, CT scanner. The examinations were carried out on the first or second day of life and then on days 21, 42, 63, 84 and 105 after birth. Computed tomography was done with the calves in sternal recumbency and under general anaesthesia. An exposure of 120 kV and 270 mA in a soft-tissue algorithm (B20s) was used. A native study and a study after administration of intravenous contrast medium were carried out to illustrate the development of the organs in the abdomen. Immediately after the sixth CT-examination on day 105, the calves were euthanized, placed in sternal recumbency and frozen at -18 °C. Transverse, sagittal and dorsal slices of the abdomen with a thickness of 1.0 to 3.0 cm were prepared using a band saw. The CT images and anatomic slices were compared to confirm the identification of structures seen in the CT images. The images and anatomic slices were compiled to produce a detailed atlas of the cross-sectional anatomy of the abdomen of calves. It also incorporated age-dependent reference measurements (length, width, density and volume) obtained from CT images of the abdominal structures, including liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, adrenal glands, blood vessels and lymph nodes. These measurements serve as a reference for normal when evaluating the abdomen of calves

The Role of Inflammation in β-cell Dedifferentiation

Chronic inflammation impairs insulin secretion and sensitivity. β-cell dedifferentiation has recently been proposed as a mechanism underlying β-cell failure in T2D. Yet the effect of inflammation on β-cell identity in T2D has not been studied. Therefore, we investigated whether pro-inflammatory cytokines induce β-cell dedifferentiation and whether anti-inflammatory treatments improve insulin secretion via β-cell redifferentiation. We observed that IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα promote β-cell dedifferentiation in cultured human and mouse islets, with IL-1β being the most potent one of them. In particular, β-cell identity maintaining transcription factor Foxo1 was downregulated upon IL-1β exposure. In vivo, anti-IL-1β, anti-TNFα or NF-kB inhibiting sodium salicylate treatment improved insulin secretion of isolated islets. However, only TNFα antagonism partially prevented the loss of β-cell identity gene expression. Finally, the combination of IL-1β and TNFα antagonism improved insulin secretion of ex vivo isolated islets in a synergistic manner. Thus, while inflammation triggered β-cell dedifferentiation and dysfunction in vitro, this mechanism seems to be only partly responsible for the observed in vivo improvements in insulin secretion