Effect of co-initiator ratio on the polymer properties of experimental resin composites formulated with camphorquinone and phenyl-propanedione

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Objectives. To evaluate the effect of amine ratio (ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate, EDMAB) on P the maximum rate of polymerization (R(p)(max)), degree of conversion (DC), Knoop hardness (KH), water sorption (Wsp), water solubility (Wsl) and color changes (Delta E) over time of resin composites formulated with the photoinitiators camphorquinone (CQ), phenylpropanedione (PPD) and CQ-PPD in combination. Materials and methods. Experimental resin composites were made with photoinitiator:amine ratios of 2:1, 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 by weight, R(p)(max) was evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), DC with DSC and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, KH with Knoop indentation, Wsp and Wsl adapted from ISO 4049; and color with a chromameter. The results were analyzed with two-way ANOVAnlukey's multiple comparison test (p < 0.05). Results. The higher the amine ratio in the composite, the higher was DC, R(p)(max), and KH, P and the lower was Wsl, regardless of the photoinitiator type. The use of PPD alone resulted in poorer properties than CQ and CQ-PPD. Many factors seem to affect the color changes and the b-axis data revealed that the higher the amine ratio, the higher was the +b value (yellowing) for CQ and CQ-PPD formulations. Conclusions. Higher amine ratios led to improved polymer proper-ties, but also produced more yellowing in resin composites with CQ and CQ-PPD. The use of PPD alone was not advantageous for producing good final properties when compared to CQ and CQ-PPD. (C) 2008 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.253369375Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)CAPES [BEX 3667/05-7

Alternative photoinitiator system reduces the rate of stress development without compromising the final properties of the dental composite

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Objectives. Stress development during the polymerization process continues to be a major factor that limits predictability and longevity of resin composite restorations. This study evaluated the effect of the photoinitiator type on the maximum rate of polymerization (R(p)(max)), stress development (final stress and maximum rate, R(stress)(max)), degree of conversion (DC) and cross-link density (CLD) of materials containing camphorquinone (CQ), phenylpropanedione (PPD) or CQ/PPD. Materials and methods. R(p)(max) was evaluated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Contraction force measurement was assessed with a single cantilever device for 5 min. The samples were subsequently tested by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to evaluate the DC. After, samples were soaked in ethanol to evaluate the swelling coefficient (alpha) as a way to estimate the CLD. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tlukey's test (p = 0.05). Results. CQ showed the highest R(p)(max) and R(stress)(max). PPD produced the lowest DC and the highest alpha. The mixture CQ/PPD produced statistically lower Rpmax and R(stress)(max) than CQ alone, but similar DC and CLD. Conclusion. CQ/PPD reduced the R(p)(max) and R(stress)(max), without a reduction in DC and CLD. Therefore, the use of alternative photoinitiator systems could be a promising way to reduce the stress developed during the composite's polymerization without affecting the final properties. (C) 2008 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.255566572Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)CAPES [BEX3667/05-7

Influence of photoinitiator type on the rate of polymerization, degree of conversion, hardness and yellowing of dental resin composites

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Objectives. To evaluate the degree of conversion (DC), maximum rate of polymerization (R-P(max)), Knoop hardness (KHN) and yellowing (b-value) of resin composites formulated with phenylpropanedione (PPD), camphorquinone (CQ), or CQ/PPD at different concentrations. The hypotheses tested were (i) PPD or CQ/PPD would produce less R-P(max) and yellowing than CQ alone without affecting DC and KHN, and (ii) R-P(max), DC, and KHN would be directly related to the absorbed power density (PDabs). Methods CQ/amine, PPD/amine and CQ/PPD/amine were used at low, intermediate and high concentrations in experimental composites. Photoinitiator absorption and halogen-light emission were measured using a spectrophotometer, R-P with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), DC with DSC and FTIR, KHN with Knoop indentation; and color with a chromameter. The results were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)/Student-Newman-Keul's test (p < 0.05). Correlation tests were carried out between PDabs and each of DC, R-P(max) and KHN. Results. The PDabs increased with photoinitiator concentration and PPD samples had the lowest values. In general, maximum DC was comparable at intermediate concentration, while R-P(max) and KHN required higher concentrations. DC was similar for all photoinitiators, but R-P(max) was lower with PPD and CQ/PPD. PPD produced the lowest KHN. Yellowing increased with photoinitiator concentration. PPD did not reduce yellowing at intermediate and/or high concentrations, compared to CQ-formulations. PDabs showed significant correlations with DC, R-P(max) and KHN. Conclusion. PPD or CQ/PPD reduced R-P(max) in experimental composites without affecting the DC. The use of PPD did not reduce yellowing, but reduced KHN. DC, R-P(max) and KHN were dependent on PDabs. (c) 2008 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.24911691177Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)CAPES [BEX 3667/05-7

Carbamide peroxide bleaching agents: Effects on surface roughness of enamel, composite and porcelain

This study examined the effect of 10 and 35% carbamide peroxide bleaching agents on the surface roughness of enamel, feldspathic porcelain, and microfilled and microhybrid composite resins. Standardized cylindrical specimens were prepared for restorative materials. Enamel samples were obtained from buccal and lingual surfaces of human molars. Samples from each substrate were divided in three subgroups (n=10), according to surface treatment: distilled water (control), and 10 and 35% carbamide peroxide. The 10% agent was applied 3 h daily and the 35% agent was applied for 30 min/week, at 37 degrees C, during 21 days. Control samples remained stored in distilled water, at 37 degrees C. Roughness measurements (Ra, mu m) were made at 24 h and repeated after 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (split-plot design) and Tukey's test (5% significance level). Samples from control groups showed no significant alteration during all test periods, while for exposure to 10% agent, only the porcelain presented a rougher surface after 21 days (p < 0.05). For the 35% product, roughness means significantly increased during the first and second weeks for enamel (p < 0.05), and after 21 days for porcelain (p < 0.05) and for the microhybrid composite (p < 0.05). Microfilled samples showed no significant alteration throughout the 21-day period, regardless of the surface treatment.101232

Effect of time and polymerization cycle on the degree of conversion of a resin composite

The aim of this investigation was to verify the influence of 3 light, curing units on the degree of conversion, using different irradiation conditions: 1) manufacturers' recommended times of photo-activation, 2) standardizing total energy density among the units and 3) standardizing energy density at the 450-490 nm wavelength range among the units and the effect of these irradiation conditions on the post-cure. Three light curing units were used: halogen, light emitting diodes (LED) and xenon plasma. Seven groups were tested (n=6). Twenty-four hours after the photo-activation procedures, half of the composite specimens were submitted to Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy analysis. The other half was analyzed after 1 month. The results were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). Twenty-four hour analysis revealed that the second set of irradiation conditions produced a similar degree of conversion among the LCUs. After 1 month, the conversion values were statistically higher for 20 seconds of halogen exposure (increased from 46.78 to 49.66%), 20 seconds of LED exposure (from 46.20 to 51.15%), 30 seconds of LED exposure (from 48.29% to 50.68%) and 3 seconds of PAC exposure (from 42.57 to 51.39%). The initial degree of conversion and post-cure depended on the photo-activation condition applied.31448949

Knoop hardness of dental resin cements: Effect of veneering material and light curing methods

This study evaluated the Knoop hardness of one resin cement (dual-cure mode or light-cure mode) when illuminated directly or through restorative materials-ceramic (HeraCeram) or composite (Artglass)-by two light curing units. Light curing was carried out using a conventional quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) light source (XL2500) for 40 s, and a light emitting diodes (LED) light source (Ultrablue Is) for 40 s. Bovine incisors had their buccal faces flattened and hybridised. On these surfaces, a mould was seated and filled with cement. A disc of the veneering material (1.5 mm thickness) was positioned over this set for light curing. After storage (24 h/37 degrees C), samples (n = 10) were sectioned for hardness (KHN) measurements. Data were submitted to ANOVA and to Tukey's test (alpha = 0.05). In general, light curing with LED resulted in higher hardness values than QTH. Distinct cement behaviour was observed with different veneering material in association with different light curing units (LCUs). (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.26226827