Drivers and Effects of Internationalising Innovation by SMEs

This paper investigates the drivers and effects of the internationalisation of innovation activities in SMEs based on a large data set of German firms covering the period 2002-2007. We look at different stages of the innovation process (R&D, design, production and sales of new products, and implementation of new processes) and explore the role of internal resources, home market competition and innovationrelated location advantages for an SME's decision to engage in innovation activities abroad. By linking international innovation activities to firm growth in the home market we try to identify likely internationalisation effects at the firm level. The results show that export experience and experience in knowledge protection are highly important for international innovation activities of SMEs. Fierce home market competition turns out to be rather an obstacle than a driver. High innovation costs stimulate internationalisation of non-R&D innovation activities, and shortage of qualified labour expels production of new products. R&D activities abroad and exports of new products spur firm growth in the home market while there are no negative effects on home market growth from shifting production of new products abroad. --Internationalisation of Innovation,Globalisation,SMEs,Effects of Innovation,Absorptive Capacities,Market Structure

The contribution of international R&D to firm profitability

The internationalisation of corporate R&D opens up the chances to participate in international knowledge sharing. This increasingly motivates firms to accelerate the pace and extent of their international R&D activities in order to enhance innovativeness and consequently competitiveness and profitability. Such business ventures, however, might be associated with huge organizational costs as well as risks of outgoing knowledge spillovers. In this paper we empirically address the question whether international R&D activities boost profitability. We employ a large data set of about 1300 firms from the German Community Innovation Survey (CIS). The empirical results demonstrate that R&D location matters for profitability. Firms with both domestic and foreign R&D activities make significantly higher profits than all other firms, including those that carry out solely domestic R&D. We furthermore ascertain that the degree of R&D internationalisation affects profitability. Our findings suggest that medium decentralised firms which innovate in two or three foreign countries outperform firms with centralized or highly decentralized international R&D strategies. Notwithstanding, decentralized firms achieve a higher firm performance than firms that solely conduct R&D activities in their home country. --R&D,Innovation,Internationalisation,Firm performance,Profit

Drivers and Effects of Internationalising Innovation by SMEs

This paper investigates the drivers and the effects of the internationalisation of innovation activities in SMEs based on a large data set of German firms covering the period 2002-2007. We look at different stages of the innovation process (R&D, design, production and sales of new products, and implementation of new processes) and explore the role of internal resources, home market competition and innovationrelated location advantages for an SME's decision to engage in innovation activities abroad. By linking international innovation activities to firm growth in the home market we try to identify likely internationalisation effects at the firm level. The results show that export experience and experience in knowledge protection are highly important for international innovation activities of SMEs. Fierce home market competition turns out to be rather an obstacle than a driver. High innovation costs stimulate internationalisation of non-R&D innovation activities, and shortage of qualified labour expels production of new products. R&D activities abroad and exports of new products spur firm growth in the home market while there are no negative effects on home market growth from shifting production of new products abroad. --Internationalisation of Innovation,Globalisation,SMEs,Effects of Innovation,Absorptive Capacities,Market Structure

The influence of international dispersed vs. home-based R&D on innovation performance

Recent years have shown a surge of firms globalising their innovation activities in order to gain from international knowledge. This paper evaluates this strategy by investigating whether firms with international R&D are more innovative than firms doing R&D only in their home country. One main novelty is that we shed light on two competing hypotheses whether stronger dispersed international R&D activities hamper or stimulate innovation. Second, we employ two well-established market-based indicators for innovation (introduction of and sales growth rates due to new products) instead of looking at inventions (patents). Using German CIS data for about 2100 firms, the econometric results show that firms with international R&D are more likely to launch new products (firm and market novelties) than firms with home-based R&D only. They are also more successful in terms of higher sales growth with firm novelties. However, given the introduction of a market novelty, the location of R&D doesn’t matter for the sales growth with market novelties. The results concerning the degree of R&D internationalisation are mixed: The likelihood of introducing firm novelties increases with a stronger dispersion of foreign R&D activities (for market novelties only up to a specific point). The relationship between degree of R&D internationalisation and innovation success turns out to be inverse u-shaped

Internationalizing R&D Co-opetition: Dress for the Dance with the Devil

Competitors can be valuable sources and partners for innovation activities. Against the background of international expansion of firms and increased international competition, the R&D collaborations with international competitors (international co-opetition) is becoming an increasingly interesting way to gain access to well guarded knowledge from abroad. However, to be able to benefit from these paradox alliances, a certain level of international co-opetition readiness is required. On the one hand, this readiness is important to protect the companies’ intellectual property that should not be leaked to competitors. On the other hand, the firm has to be able to absorb and utilize the knowledge and capabilities of the collaborating competitor. Hence, we envision co-opetition as a balancing act between appropriability practices and absorptive capacities in a cross-border context. We test these dual hypotheses for a broad sample of roughly 1,000 innovative firms in the German manufacturing sector. We find that co-opetition with international competitors requires a shift in appropriability practices from informal methods (secrecy, lead time) towards formal ones (like patents and copyrights). Besides, we discover that the readiness for international co-opetition can be achieved by developing international collaboration experience through collaborations with international customers or suppliers

The Contribution of international R&D to firm profitability

The internationalisation of corporate R&D opens up the chances to participate in international knowledge sharing. This increasingly motivates firms to accelerate the pace and extent of their international R&D activities in order to enhance innovativeness and consequently competitiveness and profitability. Such business ventures, however, might be associated with huge organizational costs as well as risks of outgoing knowledge spillovers. In this paper we empirically address the question whether international R&D activities boost profitability. We employ a large data set of about 1300 firms from the German Community Innovation Survey (CIS). The empirical results demonstrate that R&D location matters for profitability. Firms with both domestic and foreign R&D activities make significantly higher profits than all other firms, including those that carry out solely domestic R&D. We furthermore ascertain that the degree of R&D internationalisation affects profitability. Our findings suggest that medium decentralised firms which innovate in two or three foreign countries outperform firms with centralized or highly decentralized international R&D strategies. Notwithstanding, decentralized firms achieve a higher firm performance than firms that solely conduct R&D activities in their home country

Das Königliche Wilhelms-Gymnasium in den Jahren 1858 bis 1908

DAS KÖNIGLICHE WILHELMS-GYMNASIUM IN DEN JAHREN 1858 BIS 1908 Das Königliche Wilhelms-Gymnasium in den Jahren 1858 bis 1908 / Schmiele, Emil (Public Domain) ( - ) Cover front ( - ) Title page ( - ) Preface ( - ) I. Die Leiter und Lehrer des Königl. Progymnasiums und des Königl. Wilhelms-Gymnasiums und der Vorschule. Ostern 1858 - Ostern 1908 ( - ) 1. Die Leiter des Kgl. Progymnasiums und des Kgl. Wilhelms-Gymnasiums ( - ) 2. Die ordentlichen Lehrer (Oberlehrer) in chronologischer Folge ( - ) 3. Die nicht fest angestellten wissenschaftlichen Lehrer (6) 4. Die technischen Lehrer ; 5. Die jüdischen Religionslehrer (9) 6. Die festangestellten Lehrer der Vorschule ; 7. Die an der Vorschule vorübergehend beschäftigten Lehrer (10) Lebensnachrichten über die sämtlichen Lehrer ([11]) Programmabhandlungen (99) Die Mitglieder des mit dem Kgl. Wilhelms-Gymnasium verbundenen Seminars ([101]) II. Die Abiturienten des Königlichen Wilhelms-Gymnasium ([105]) 1. Alphabetisches Verzeichnis ([107]) 2. Verzeichnis der Abiturienten nach Jahrgängen (117) III. Tabellen ([203]) 1. Bewegung der Schülerzahl der Gesamtanstalt, des Gymnasiums, der Vorschule ( - ) 2a. Frequenztabellen 1858-1908 (205) 2b. Frequenztabellen 1872-1888 (206) 2c. Frequenztabellen 1889-1908 (207) 3. Religionsverhältnisse der Schüler in Gymnasium und Vorschule (208) IV. Die bei dem Kgl. Wilhelms-Gymnasium bestehenden Stiftungen ([209]) Stiftungen ([211]) Contents ( - ) Cover back ( - ) ColorChart ( -

Intellectual property infringements due to R&D abroad? : A comparative analysis between firms with international and domestic R&D activities

This paper aims at analysing the risk of intellectual property (IP) infringements by competitors from abroad and in particular whether this risk is higher for international innovating firms. We distinguish three different types of IP infringements from abroad: the usage of firms’ technical inventions, product piracy and copying of corporate names and designs. Our analysis rests on the German data from the Europe-wide Community Innovation Survey (CIS). We use a unique data set of about 900 observations which are retrieved from two survey waves. While the earlier wave contains information about international and domestic innovation activities the later wave reports IP infringements. In a second analysis, the likelihood of infringements from innovation host countries and no innovation host countries abroad is examined. Before the empirical analysis, an explorative study has been carried out in China with interviews of German firms with innovation activities in China and with a legal advisor for small and medium sized German enterprises. The results show that firms with international R&D activities are increasing their chances to lose technological knowledge to their local competitors abroad. R&D activities in countries with weak intellectual property rights increase the risk for all types of infringement. Infringements by competitors from the host country are driven by the production of innovations in this country. Export intensity is the major driver of infringements from no innovation host countries. R&D activities in China and North America also increase the risk of an infringement. However, firms that innovate only in their home country experience significantly more product piracy cases than internationally innovating firms

Un protagoniste sort de l 'ombre

The first thing that startles us about “The Frog King; or, Iron Henry” is its title. It announces an aspect of the actual tale that is even more disconcerting: it is dual, in a way that is unique in Grimm’s Fairy Tales. Is it possible to perceive a coherence between the tale proper and its coda, which is a beautiful story in itself, but at first glance does not seem necessary to the narrative? The prince’s journey to his kingdom with his beloved is a classic motif, but here, the princess disappears while Iron Henry steps out of the shadows to take her place in the narrative. Not surprisingly, some interpretations simply omit the coda. Yet its presence stems from a conscious, deliberate choice - an intention - as is shown by study of the origins and development of the tale. This study attempts to determine what that intention was and whether it is possible to discern a secret coherence between the two parts. Key words: Brothers Grimm, “Frog King”, literary genesis of the tale, authorial process, metapoetological reflection.“Froschkönig oder der eiserne Heinrich” sorprende al anunciar en el título aquello que precisamente resulta más extraño: el carácter doble del cuento, único en los KHM. ¿Es posible ver alguna coherencia entre el cuento y su apéndice, en sí hermoso pero cuya función no se entiende a primera vista? Si bien el viaje del príncipe a su reino acompañado por su amada es un motivo clásico, en este caso la princesa desaparece. Saliendo de la oscuridad, Enrique el Férreo reivindica su lugar en el relato. No es de extrañar que algunas versiones omitan simple y llanamente esta escena. Sin embargo, se trata de una elección consciente e intencionada como lo muestra claramente la génesis del cuento. ¿Con qué intención? ¿Existe algún tipo de coherencia oculta entre las dos partes del cuento? Intentaremos responder a estas preguntas.Palabras clave: Hermanos Grimm, “El Rey rana”, génesis del cuento, trabajo de autor, metapoética.« Froschkönig oder der eiserne Heinrich » surprend d’abord par son titre, annonciateur de ce par quoi le conte lui-même dérange plus profondément : il est double, et il l’est d’une façon unique parmi les KHM. Peut-on voir une cohérence entre le conte lui-même et son appendice, très beau en soi, mais dont la nécessité échappe à première vue ? Si le voyage du prince vers son royaume en compagnie de sa bien-aimée est un motif classique, en l’occurrence la princesse disparaît. Sorti de l’ombre, Henri-de-Fer prend sa place dans le récit. Il n’est pas étonnant que certaines interprétations escamotent purement et simplement cet appendice. Pourtant, il s’agit bel et bien d’un choix conscient et volontaire, d’une intention, comme le montre clairement la genèse du conte. Quelle est cette intention ? Peut-on déceler entre les deux parties une cohérence secrète ? La présente étude cherchera à apporter des éléments de réponse à cette question. Mots-clés: Frères Grimm, « Roi grenouille », genèse du conte, travail d’auteur, réflexion métapoétologiqu