An analysis of gender differences in experiences contributing to management development

A review of the literature indicates that management development is, in general, a poorly understood process. However, both development through on-the-job experiences and development of female managers were areas in which research was particularly lacking. The focus of this research, therefore, was management development that occurs through on-the-job experiences, work relationships and management practices. Specifically, the purposes of this study were to (1) determine which on-the-job experiences, work relationships and management practices contribute to management development and (2) to determine if gender differences exist in the experiences that contribute to management development;Questionnaire data from 322 female and 332 male managers in a large multinational organization were analyzed using multivariate and univariate Statistics and Probability; The results summarized a number of key relationships, experiences, and management practices that managers\u27 perceived as enhancing development as well as factors perceived as hindering development. No strong evidence for the existence of gender differences in the experiences contributing to management development was found. Implications of the findings for systematic management development, the progress of women managers, and future research directions were discussed

Awakening Intuition: A Delphi Study

This study was framed by three key questions: How is intuition characterized, how is intuition in adults best developed, and what influence might the development of intuition have on individuals, organizations, and society. The data for the study was collected using the Delphi method. The panel included twenty females and twenty-three males from three Canadian provinces and eighteen American states. Eighty-three percent of the panel had post secondary degrees in over twenty different disciplines. Twenty-three percent of the panel held doctorate level degrees. Thirty-one different occupations were represented. All forty-three participants who started the study completed all three rounds. Data was collected over three rounds of the Delphi and included both open ended questions and a Likert scale questionnaire. Findings were derived from both qualitative and simple quantitative analysis. In this study, intuition is characterized by existential themes of time, space, body, being, Being, and relation. Throughout the study, panelists drew a strong connection between intuition and the creative-spiritual dimension of human beings. The panel determined that it is more appropriate to speak in terms of awakening intuition than in terms of developing it. Even though panelists reached consensus on the idea that the full potential of intuition is inherent in everyone, they also agreed that individuals could benefit from participation in practices designed to awaken and expand intuitive capacity. Findings suggest that training programs should be developed around three broad goals: 1. Exposing the beliefs, assumptions, values, and patterns of behaviour that prevent individuals from accessing the full inherent potential of their intuition. 2. Creating an environment in which it is safe to explore and to engage in activities that enhance intuition. 3). Providing a knowledge base. Specifics related to each of these goals are included in the study. While participants were careful to stress the fact that they did not see intuition and future trends in terms of a causal relationship, they did reach consensus on thirteen trends related to individuals, eleven related to changes in organizations and on fifteen societal items. Topics on which the panel reached consensus included creativity, peak experiences, physical and psychological well-being, relationships, problem-solving ability, shift in leadership, culture, structures, ethics, and productivity. They projected that initially there would be an increase in the appearance of chaos, but saw that trend as having a beneficent long term effect. Findings indicated that intuition is an essential factor in expanding consciousness, and panelists predicted that an evolutionary shift in consciousness could well be the outcome of the synergy released by the increasing numbers of adults attuning themselves to the creative-spiritual voice of their intuition. The study includes an extensive review of literature connected with intuition including western and non-western philosophy and psychology, brain and consciousness research, quantum physics, adult development, leadership, training programs, emerging spirituality, and alternative futures. The study concludes with an exploration of implications the training of intuition, for leadership, and with a broad agenda for future research related to intuition

Survival of salmonella in anaerobic system for the treatment of pig waste

A utilização de biodigestores no meio rural tem aumentado em função de sua capacidade de tratar os dejetos de origem animal, associada à geração de energia. Entretanto, uma vez que a destinação dos efluentes destes sistemas é o uso como fertilizantes do solo, faz-se necessária a investigação da capacidade de sobrevivência de agentes potencialmente patogênicos aos animais e ao homem nestes sistemas. Considerando que os suínos são portadores assintomáticos de salmonelas e que este microrganismo tem capacidade de sobreviver no solo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevivência de bactérias do gênero Salmonella em sistema anaeróbio para o tratamento de dejetos suínos. Em um sistema constituído por um reator anaeróbio acidogênico com capacidade para 20 L seguido por um reator anaeróbio metanogênico com capacidade para 40 L, ambos em acrílico, carregado com dejetos provenientes de uma granja negativa para salmonelas, inocularam-se 106ufc de Salmonella Typhimurium por mL de dejeto. Em amostras do dejeto antes deste ser transferido ao sistema anaeróbio de tratamento e no efluente do sistema, depois de decorridos sete dias de tratamento, determinou-se o Número Mais Provável (NMP) de salmonelas. Verificou-se redução no número médio de salmonelas após o tratamento, verificando-se NMP médio de 4,14Log10 no material de carga do sistema e 2,73 Log10 NMP no efluente. O uso de reatores anaeróbicos deve ser entendido como parte de um sistema integrado para o tratamento de resíduos orgânicos de origem animal, possibilitando segurança na destinação dos efluentes ao ambiente.The use of biodigesters in rural areas has increased due to its ability to treat animal waste, associated with energy generation. However, since the destination of the effluents from these systems is to be used as soil fertilizers, it is necessary to investigate the survival capacity of potentially pathogenic agents to animals and man in these systems. Considering that pigs are asymptomatic carriers of salmonella and that this microorganism has the ability to survive in the soil, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the survival of bacteria of the genus Salmonella in anaerobic system for the treatment of swine manure. In a system consisting of an acidogenic anaerobic reactor with a capacity of 20 L followed by a methanogenic anaerobic reactor with a capacity of 40 L, both in acrylic, loaded with waste from a negative farm for salmonella, 106ufc of Salmonella Typhimurium was inoculated per mL of waste. In samples of the manure before it was transferred to the anaerobic treatment system and in the system effluent, after seven days of treatment, the Most Likely Number (PWN) of salmonella was determined. There was a reduction in the average number of salmonella after treatment, with an average NMP of 4.14Log10 in the system loading material and 2.73 Log10 NMP in the effluent. The use of anaerobic reactors must be understood as part of an integrated system for the treatment of organic residues of animal origin, enabling safety in the disposal of effluents to the environment

Mycobacterium bovis detection in slaughtered pigs in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The infection by the Mycobacterium genus is important in pig farming due to the economic losses caused by total or partial carcass condemnation in slaughterhouses. The present study investigated the occurrence of a tuberculosis outbreak in pigs, based on the identification of lesions at the slaughter line of a slaughterhouse. At the inspection line of the slaughterhouse, carcasses were identified with viscera containing macroscopic lesions that indicated tuberculosis (granulomatous lymphadenitis). Tracheobronchial, mesenteric, and submandibular lymph nodes were collected, as well as liver samples and their corresponding lymph nodes. The samples were sent to the Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory (LFDA/RS) and processed for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and the molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis. Based on the results of post-mortem and laboratory inspections, the occurrence was characterized as a tuberculosis outbreak in pigs, which originated from a farm in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Over three months, three batches, adding up to 2884 animals, were sent to slaughter, of which 102 (3.5%) had tuberculosis-like lesions at the inspection line. Based on these results, the productive process was investigated, assessing the feeding, water supply, and milk whey offered in the diet of pigs. It was concluded that the outbreak was caused by feeding unpasteurized or inadequately pasteurized (insufficient time x temperature relation) whey to the pigs. The use of whey from cheese production is a frequent practice in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and one of the risk factors for granulomatous lymphadenitis in pigs

Nitrogênio mineral em percolado de solos após aplicações de dejetos líquidos de suínos

Pig slurry is used as a fertilizer in agricultural soil. The intensification of swine breeding, along with high concentration of animals in small properties, generates great volumes of manure. Pig slurry has high nitrate content, which may contaminate surface and subsurface waters. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impact of pig slurry application in Ultisol and Alfisol samples. For this purpose, pig slurry doses obtained from distinct production systems (farrowing and finishing units) were applied in the following amounts: 0 m3.ha-1 (Control Treatment), 75 m3.ha-1 (T2), 150 m3.ha-1 (T3) and 300 m3.ha-1 (T4). Results showed presence of N-NO3- + N-NO2- in Alfisol and Ultisol leachates, and the pig slurry originated from farrowing units showed lower concentration of N-NO3- + N-NO2- for both soil leachates. The higher concentration of N-NO3-+ N-NO2- in the leachate for both soils was at 19 days after the pig slurry application. Before using pig slurry as a fertilizer it is mandatory to establish criteria for the elaboration of management and provision strategies, in order to reduce environmental and health impacts.Os dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) são utilizados como fertilizante em solos agrícolas. A intensificação de criações de suínos com alta concentração de animais em pequenas propriedades tem gerado grande volume de dejetos. Os DLS podem conter altos teores de nitrato, podendo contaminar águas superficiais e subsuperficiais. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar o impacto ambiental resultante da aplicação de DLS em amostras de um Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico e de um Nitossolo Vermelho Distrófico. Para tal, aplicaram-se doses equivalentes a 0 (Testemunha), 25 (T2), 50 (T3) e 100 (T4) m3.ha-1 de dejetos líquidos de suínos provenientes de dois sistemas de criação denominados de “creche” e “terminação”. Foi detectada a presença de N-NO3- + N-NO2- no percolado do Nitossolo e do Argissolo; o dejetolíquido proveniente do sistema de criação “creche” resultou em menores concentrações de N-NO3- + N-NO2- no percolado de ambos os solos. A maior concentração de N-NO3- + N-NO2- no percolado ocorreu aos 19 dias após a aplicação dos DLS. Para a utilização dos DLS como fertilizante há necessidade que se estabeleçam critérios adequados para definir estratégias de seu manejo e disposição para reduzir seu impacto no ambiente e à saúde

Life cycle assessment (LCA) in dairy goat : a bibliometric study

A produção agropecuária e a indústria buscam buscando sistemas de produção e processos produtivos que visem conhecer e mensurar os impactos gerados e a fim de minimizá-los ao longo da cadeia produtiva. Uma ferramenta utilizada para este fim é a Análise do Ciclo de Vida do produto (ACV). Neste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou identificar a bibliografia que aborde a análise de ciclo de vida (ACV) na cadeia produtiva de caprinos leiteiros. Realizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica através um levantamento da produção acadêmica sobre Análise do Ciclo de Vida na produção de leite caprino, usando como fonte de dados a plataforma de pesquisa Science Direct, no período de 2001 até 2019. Na busca da plataforma utilizaram-se as palavras-chave “Life cycle assessemt e dairy goat”. A pesquisa identificou 9 artigos e uma publicação em evento, todos publicados na língua inglesa. A plataforma identificou 14 autores individualizados e 1.327 palavras relacionadas, as palavras mais frequentes foram milk (1,9%), environmental (1,8%), goat (1,7%) e production (1,6%). A ACV na cadeia produtiva do leite caprino é recente e limitada a alguns países e não tem sido estudada por grupos interdisciplinares e interinstitucionais de pesquisadores.Agricultural production and industry seek seeking production systems and production processes that aim to know and measure the impacts generated and in order to minimize them along the production chain. A tool used for this purpose is the Product Lifecycle Analysis (LCA). In this context, this study aimed to identify the bibliography that addresses life cycle analysis (LCA) in the dairy goat production chain. Bibliographic research was carried out through a survey of the academic production on LCA in the production of goat milk, using as a data source the research platform Science Direct, from 2001 to 2019. In the search for the platform, we used the keywords “Life cycle assessment and dairy goat”. The research identified nine articles and one publication in an event, all published in the English language. The platform identified 14 individual authors and 1,327 related words, the most frequent words were milk (1.9%), environmental (1.8%), goat (1.7%) and production (1.6%). LCA in the dairy goat production chain is recent and limited to some countries and has not been studied by interdisciplinary and interinstitutional groups of researchers

Goat’s weight at birth of the saanen and anglonubian breeds, in Rio Grande do Sul

Em criatórios de caprinos, o número de animais nascidos e viáveis ao ano tem influência na viabilidade econômica da atividade, tanto por permitir uma maior pressão de seleção quanto por propiciar maior número de animais para venda. Neste sentido, analisou-se o peso ao nascer de 759 caprinos das raças Saanen e Anglonubiana, nascidos em capris do Rio Grande do Sul. Verificou-se, a parir dos dados dos de registros da Associação de Caprinocultores do Estado (CAPRISUL), que 49% dos partos na raça Saanen foram simples, 45% gemelares, 7% trigemelares e apenas um parto foi quádruplo. O peso ao nascer de caprinos Saanen nascidos vivos variou de 1,2 à 5,0 Kg e dos Anglonubianos de 2,0 a 5,0 Kg. O número de crias nascidas por parto e o sexo influenciaram significativamente (p<0,005) o peso ao nascer. Outras variáveis como peso dos pais, ordem de parto, nutrição, sanidade, ambiente e temperamento da mãe são apontadas como importante na determinação do peso ao nascer de caprinos. Verificou-se que os resultados observados no Estado, tanto para peso médio ao nascer quanto aos fatores que exercem influência sobre estes, são semelhantes no país, independentemente das diferenças nos processos produtivos.In goat breeding farms, the number of animals born and viable per year influences the economic feasibility of the activity, both by allowing a higher selection pressure and by propitiating a higher number of animals for sale. In that sense, we analyzed the birth weight of 759 Saanen and Anglonubian goats born in goat farms in Rio Grande do Sul. It was verified that through the records of the State Goat Farmers Association (CAPRISUL), that 49% of the Saanen goat births were simple, 45% were twins, 7% were triplet and only one was quadruple. The birth weight of Saanen goats which were alive at birth ranged from 1.2 to 5.0 Kg and that of Anglonubian goats ranged from 2.0 to 5.0 Kg. The number of animals yielded per birth, as well as the gender significantly influenced (p<0.005) the birth weight, which also may include important variables like parent's weight, birth order, health, environment and mother's temperament. It was verified that the results observed in the State, both for the average birth weight and the factors that influence such results, are similar throughout the country, regardless of differences in productive processes

Evidence of Embodied Social Competence During Conversation in High Functioning Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Even high functioning children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) exhibit impairments that affect their ability to carry out and maintain effective social interactions in multiple contexts. One aspect of subtle nonverbal communication that might play a role in this impairment is the whole-body motor coordination that naturally arises between people during conversation. The current study aimed to measure the time-dependent, coordinated whole-body movements between children with ASD and a clinician during a conversational exchange using tools of nonlinear dynamics. Given the influence that subtle interpersonal coordination has on social interaction feelings, we expected there to be important associations between the dynamic motor movement measures introduced in the current study and the measures used traditionally to categorize ASD impairment (ADOS-2, joint attention and theory of mind). The study found that children with ASD coordinated their bodily movements with a clinician, that these movements were complex and that the complexity of the children’s movements matched that of the clinician’s movements. Importantly, the degree of this bodily coordination was related to higher social cognitive ability. This suggests children with ASD are embodying some degree of social competence during conversations. This study demonstrates the importance of further investigating the subtle but important bodily movement coordination that occurs during social interaction in children with ASD

Anglonubian goat’s udder biometry

A conformação do úbere dos caprinos possui relevância, uma vez que seu tamanho e forma estão associados à capacidade de produção de leite. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a relação entre as medidas da glândula mamária e a produção de leite em cabras da raça Anglonubiana. Em 15 cabras em lactação foram determinadas as medidas: circunferência e profundidade de úbere; a circunferência e comprimento de teto. As medidas foram realizadas antes (úbere cheio) e após a ordenha (úbere vazio). Ao final da ordenha matutina foi mensurada a produção de leite (em g). A produção de leite variou de 365 a 1.101,3 g de leite (média 856,21 g) na ordenha matutina. Observou-se grande variabilidade nas medidas de úbere antes e após a ordenha, sendo observada diferença significativa nas medidas médias da profundidade (p<0,05) e circunferência de úbere (p<0,001) e de teto (p<0,05). Foi evidenciado um efeito linear crescente (R2=0,7559) e significativo (p<0,001) do período de lactação sobre a produção diária de leite e a circunferência de úbere cheio. A biometria de úbere se torna significante nos resultados e, por ser um instrumento de fácil execução, é indicada como um dos parâmetros que o produtor pode utilizar no plantel sem demandar custo.The shape of the goat's udder is relevant, since its size and shape are associated with the milk production capacity. In this sense, the aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between the measures of the mammary gland and milk production in Anglonubian goats. In 15 lactating goats the measures were determined: circumference and depth of the udder; the circumference and length of the ceiling. The measurements were performed before (full udder) and after milking (empty udder). At the end of the morning milking, milk production (in g) was measured. Milk production ranged from 365 to 1,101.3 g of milk (average 856.21 g) in the morning milking. There was great variability in udder measurements before and after milking, with a significant difference in mean measures of depth (p <0.05) and udder circumference (p <0.001) and ceiling (p <0.05). A linear (R2 = 0.7555) and significant (p <0.001) linear effect of the lactation period on daily milk production and full udder circumference was evidenced. The udder biometry becomes significant in the results and, as it is an easy to execute instrument, it is indicated as one of the parameters that the producer can use in the squad without demanding cost

Neutrophil elastase facilitates tumor cell intravasation and early metastatic events

Functional roles of neutrophil elastase (NE) have not been examined in distinct steps of the metastatic cascade. NE, delivered to primary tumors as a purified enzyme or within intact neutrophils or neutrophil granule content, enhanced human tumor cell intravasation and subsequent dissemination via NE-mediated formation of dilated intratumoral vasculature. These effects depended on picomole range of NE activity, sensitive to its natural inhibitor, α1PI. I