28 research outputs found
Distinct spatial characteristics of industrial and public research collaborations: Evidence from the 5th EU Framework Programme
This study compares the spatial characteristics of industrial R&D networks to
those of public research R&D networks (i.e. universities and research
organisations). The objective is to measure the impact of geographical
separation effects on the constitution of cross-region R&D collaborations for
both types of collaboration. We use data on joint research projects funded by
the 5th European Framework Programme (FP) to proxy cross-region collaborative
activities. The study area is composed of 255 NUTS-2 regions that cover the
EU-25 member states (excluding Malta and Cyprus) as well as Norway and
Switzerland. We adopt spatial interaction models to analyse how the variation
of cross-region industry and public research networks is affected by geography.
The results of the spatial analysis provide evidence that geographical factors
significantly affect patterns of industrial R&D collaboration, while in the
public research sector effects of geography are much smaller. However, the
results show that technological distance is the most important factor for both
industry and public research cooperative activities.Comment: 28 page
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CD3+CD56+ and CD3−CD56+ lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of persons with HIV-1 subtypes B and C
The transactivator of transcription (Tat) is a HIV regulatory protein which promotes viral replication and chemotaxis. HIV-1 shows extensive genetic diversity, HIV-1 subtype C being the most dominant subtype in the world. Our hypothesis is the frequency of CSF CD3+CD56+ and CD3-CD56dim is reduced in HIV-1C compared to HIV-1B due to the Tat C30S31 substitution in HIV-1C. 34 CSF and paired blood samples (PWH, n = 20; PWoH, n = 14) were studied. In PWH, the percentage of CD3+CD56+ was higher in CSF than in blood (p < 0.001), comparable in both compartments in PWoH (p = 0.20). The proportion of CD3-CD56dim in CSF in PWH was higher than PWoH (p = 0.008). There was no subtype differences. These results showed CNS compartmentalization of NKT cell response in PWH