Poincaré on the Foundation of Geometry in the Understanding

This paper is about Poincaré’s view of the foundations of geometry. According to the established view, which has been inherited from the logical positivists, Poincaré, like Hilbert, held that axioms in geometry are schemata that provide implicit definitions of geometric terms, a view he expresses by stating that the axioms of geometry are “definitions in disguise.” I argue that this view does not accord well with Poincaré’s core commitment in the philosophy of geometry: the view that geometry is the study of groups of operations. In place of the established view I offer a revised view, according to which Poincaré held that axioms in geometry are in fact assertions about invariants of groups. Groups, as forms of the understanding, are prior in conception to the objects of geometry and afford the proper definition of those objects, according to Poincaré. Poincaré’s view therefore contrasts sharply with Kant’s foundation of geometry in a unique form of sensibility. According to my interpretation, axioms are not definitions in disguise because they themselves implicitly define their terms, but rather because they disguise the definitions which imply them

Aspectos sociais do sistema produtivo de propriedades da pecuária de corte familiar na metade Sul do Rio Grande do Sul.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e apreender a realidade de pecuaristas familiares, em três localidades situadas na metade sul do RS: Cerro da Jaguatirica, no município de Manoel Viana; Santa Barbinha em Caçapava do Sul, e Palmas em Bagé. O diagnóstico envolveu entrevistas utilizando um questionário semi-estruturado em 30 unidades produtivas, abrangendo um total de 110 pessoas, e reuniões participativas dos técnicos da Embrapa Pecuária Sul, Emater/RS e os produtores. Esse diagnóstico teve foco em características sociais e do sistema produtivo, abrangendo um conjunto de informações essenciais para o entendimento das lógicas de produção e sobrevivência dessas famílias.bitstream/item/33159/1/BP-35.pd

Melhoramento genético participativo de bovinos de corte: estratégias para pecuaristas familiares.

Algumas considerações sobre a pecuária familiar; O papel do melhoramento genético; Definição de objetivos de criação e critérios de seleção; Estratégias para identificação, seleção e acasalamento de animais superiores; Como racionalizar o investimento em genética.bitstream/item/55807/1/CT36.pd

A DNA and morphology based phylogenetic framework of the ant genus Lasius with hypotheses for the evolution of social parasitism and fungiculture

Background: Ants of the genus Lasius are ecologically important and an important system for evolutionary research. Progress in evolutionary research has been hindered by the lack of a well-founded phylogeny of the subgenera, with three previous attempts disagreeing. Here we employed two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 16S ribosomal RNA), comprising 1,265 bp, together with 64 morphological characters, to recover the phylogeny of Lasius by Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony inference after exploration of potential causes of phylogenetic distortion. We use the resulting framework to infer evolutionary pathways for social parasitism and fungiculture.\ud \ud Results: We recovered two well supported major lineages. One includes Acanthomyops, Austrolasius, Chthonolasius, and Lasius pallitarsis, which we confirm to represent a seventh subgenus, the other clade contains Dendrolasius, and Lasius sensu stricto. The subgenus Cautolasius, displaying neither social parasitism nor fungiculture, probably belongs to the second clade, but its phylogenetic position is not resolved at the cutoff values of node support we apply. Possible causes for previous problems with reconstructing the Lasius phylogeny include use of other reconstruction techniques, possibly more prone to instabilities in some instances, and the inclusion of phylogenetically distorting characters.\ud \ud Conclusion: By establishing an updated phylogenetic framework, our study provides the basis for a later formal taxonomic revision of subgenera and for studying the evolution of various ecologically and sociobiologically relevant traits of Lasius, although there is need for future studies to include nuclear genes and additional samples from the Nearctic. Both social parasitism and fungiculture evolved twice in Lasius, once in each major lineage, which opens up new opportunities for comparative analyses. The repeated evolution of social parasitism has been established for other groups of ants, though not for temporary social parasitism as found in Lasius. For fungiculture, the independent emergence twice in a monophyletic group marks a novel scenario in ants. We present alternative hypotheses for the evolution of both traits, with one of each involving loss of the trait. Though less likely for both traits than later evolution without reversal, we consider reversal as sufficiently plausible to merit independent testing

Direct and indirect effect of bt cotton and no bt cotton on the development and reproduction of the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).

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