21 research outputs found
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Conceptualizing the Multidimensional Nature of Self-Efficacy: Assessment of Situational Context and Level of Behavioral Challenge to Maintain Safer Sex
A. Bandura (1991) argued that self-efficacy measurement should be specific both to the situation in which the behavior occurs and level of challenge in that situation. Measures consistent with the 2 dimensions were developed with graded challenge levels and differing gender-appropriate situations. Participants were 1,496 controls in the National Institute of Mental Health Multisite HIV Prevention Trial recruited from STD clinics and health service centers (925 women and 571 men). The authors tested 4 separate-sex confirmatory factor analysis models as follows: (a) Condom negotiation efficacy as a unitary construct across situations and gradation of difficulty; (b) situation as preeminent, which transfers across skills whatever the gradation of difficulty; (c) skill as predominant, irrespective of situation; and (d) a multidimensional design that simultaneously accounts for both situation and graded difficulty. Consistent with Bandura's theory, the multidimensional model provided the best fit for both samples
The Intersectionality of Disastersâ Effects on Trust in Public Officials
Objective
Groups defined by race and ideology are wellâknown predictors of interpersonal and political trust, but genderâbased effects are undecided. I investigate whether disaster experience conditions a difference in political trust between women and men.
Methods
Examining the hurricane data set of U.S. public opinion, I analyze intersectionality's influence on disasterâbased political trust with a threeâway interaction between race, class, and gender.
Results
Among disaster survivors, black women trust less than all other raceâgender groups, and white men trust the most. The difference between black and white women survivorsâ political trust is attenuated by education. Education exacerbates raceâbased political trust among observers. Among observers, there is not a genderâbased distinction.
Conclusion
Disasters create new identities based on shared experience, and offer a moment in time that illustrates how trust varies along genderâraceâclassâdisaster dimensions. Knowing how trust differs according to intersectionality allows managers to manage critical events better
Substance Use, Dependence, and Service Utilization Among the US Uninsured Nonelderly Population
Misuse of methamphetamine and prescription stimulants among youths and young adults in the community
Correlates of Heterosexual Anal Intercourse Among At Risk Adolescents and Young Adults
We sought to learn what factors are associated with anal intercourse among adolescents and young adults. We examined demographic, behavioral, relationship context, attitudinal, substance use, and mental health correlates of recent heterosexual anal intercourse among adolescents and young adults who reported engaging in recent unprotected sex. Among 1348 at-risk adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 21 years in 3 US cities, we assessed sexual risk behavior with each sexual partner in the past 90 days. Data were collected from 2000 to 2001. Recent heterosexual anal intercourse was reported by 16% of respondents. Females who engaged in anal intercourse were more likely to be living with a sexual partner, to have had 2 or more partners, and to have experienced coerced intercourse. For males, only a sexual orientation other than heterosexual was a significant predictor of engaging in heterosexual anal intercourse. Our findings document the prevalence of heterosexual anal intercourse among adolescents and young adults who had recent unprotected sex. Among females, the variables associated with anal intercourse relate to the context and power balance of sexual relationships. Different influences for males and females suggest different foci for interventions
Islands of Risk Subgroups of Adolescents a Risk for HIV
To use cluster analysis to determine profiles of adolescents at risk for HIV. Methods Adolescents 15â21 years old (N = 1153) with a history of unprotected sex were assessed in five domains of risk (unprotected sex, alcohol/marijuana use, other drug use, mental health crises, and arrest/school dropout) as well as demographic, contextual, and behavioral variables. Results Cluster analysis revealed separate three-cluster solutions for males and females. Among males, clusters were characterized by (a) mental health crises and unprotected sex, (b) alcohol/marijuana use and unprotected sex, and (c) lower risk. Among females, clusters were distinguished by (a) unprotected sex, (b) substance use and mental health crises, and (c) lower risk. Cluster membership was associated with secondary variables related to sexual risk. Conclusions Even within populations of high-risk adolescents, subgroups exist for which specific risk factors co-occur, particularly unprotected sex, mental health crises, and substance use. These patterns suggest that effective HIV prevention interventions may need to target the association between mental health and/or substance abuse with sexual risk for some adolescents
Associations Between Sexually Transmitted Disease Diagnosis and Subsequent Sexual Risk and Sexually Transmitted Disease Incidence Among Adolescents
When talking doesn't help : An investigation of microcomputer-based group problem solving
Original article can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09594752 Copyright Elsevier Ltd. DOI: 10.1016/0959-4752(92)90008-A [Full text of this article is not available in the UHRA]Microcomputers are now widely used in primary schools and predominately by groups of children working together rather than one child working alone. This paper reports two experiments which examined whether and in what situations, groups of three children (10/11 year olds) showed superior performance to individual children on a series of microcomputer based mathematical problems. Groups showed superior on-task performance to individuals, with no loss of efficiency in time to solution. Surprisingly, task relevant concurrent verbalization had no significant effects on performance, suggesting that intragroup discussion is not essential in group superiority. These results are discussed in relation to psychological theory and educational practice.Peer reviewe