Utilizing Astroinformatics to Maximize the Science Return of the Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey

The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey is a 104 square degree survey of the Virgo Cluster, carried out using the MegaPrime camera of the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope, from semesters 2009A-2012A. The survey will provide coverage of this nearby dense environment in the universe to unprecedented depth, providing profound insights into galaxy formation and evolution, including definitive measurements of the properties of galaxies in a dense environment in the local universe, such as the luminosity function. The limiting magnitude of the survey is g_AB = 25.7 (10 sigma point source), and the 2 sigma surface brightness limit is g_AB ~ 29 mag arcsec^-2. The data volume of the survey (approximately 50 terabytes of images), while large by contemporary astronomical standards, is not intractable. This renders the survey amenable to the methods of astroinformatics. The enormous dynamic range of objects, from the giant elliptical galaxy M87 at M(B) = -21.6, to the faintest dwarf ellipticals at M(B) ~ -6, combined with photometry in 5 broad bands (u* g' r' i' z'), and unprecedented depth revealing many previously unseen structures, creates new challenges in object detection and classification. We present results from ongoing work on the survey, including photometric redshifts, Virgo cluster membership, and the implementation of fast data mining algorithms on the infrastructure of the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre, as part of the Canadian Advanced Network for Astronomical Research (CANFAR).Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for the Joint Workshop and Summer School: Astrostatistics and Data Mining in Large Astronomical Databases, La Palma, May 30th - June 3rd 2011. A higher resolution version is available at http://sites.google.com/site/nickballastronomer/publication

Toward High-Precision Measures of Large-Scale Structure

I review some results of estimation of the power spectrum of density fluctuations from galaxy redshift surveys and discuss advances that may be possible with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I then examine the realities of power spectrum estimation in the presence of Galactic extinction, photometric errors, galaxy evolution, clustering evolution, and uncertainty about the background cosmology.Comment: 24 pages, including 11 postscript figures. Uses crckapb.sty (included in submission). To appear in ``Ringberg Workshop on Large-Scale Structure,'' ed D. Hamilton (Kluwer, Amsterdam), p. 39

Survey of H-alpha emission from thirty nearby dwarf galaxies

Measurements of the H-alpha flux from 30 neighboring dwarf galaxies are presented. After correction for absorption, these fluxes are used to estimate the star formation rate (SFR). The SFR for 18 of the galaxies according to the H-alpha emission are compared with estimates of the SFR from FUV magnitudes obtained with the GALEX telescope. These are in good agreement over the range log[SFR] = [-3,0]M sun/yr.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, 3 table

An Optical Counterpart to the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 4U 0142+61

The energy source of the anomalous X-ray pulsars is not well understood, hence their designation as anomalous. Unlike binary X-ray pulsars, no companions are seen, so the energy cannot be supplied by accretion of matter from a companion star. The loss of rotational energy, which powers radio pulsars, is insufficient to power AXPs. Two models are generally considered: accretion from a large disk left over from the birth process, or decay of a very strong magnetic field (10^15 G) associated with a 'magnetar'. The lack of counterparts at other wavelengths has hampered progress in our understanding of these objects. Here, we present deep optical observations of the field around 4U 0142+61, which is the brightest AXP in X-rays. We find an object with peculiar optical colours at the position of the X-ray source, and argue that it is the optical counterpart. The optical emission is too faint to admit the presence of a large accretion disk, but may be consistent with magnetospheric emission from a magnetar.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures, accepted by Nature. Press embargo until 1900 hrs London time (GMT) on 6 December 200

On the kinematics of the Local cosmic void

We collected the existing data on the distances and radial velocities of galaxies around the Local Void in the Aquila/Hercules to examine the peculiar velocity field induced by its underdensity. A sample of 1056 galaxies with distances measured from the Tip of the Red Giant Branch, the Cepheid luminosity, the SNIa luminosity, the surface brightness fluctuation method, and the Tully-Fisher relation has been used for this purpose. The amplitude of outflow is found to be ~300 km/s. The galaxies located within the void produce the mean intra-void number density about 1/5 of the mean external number density of galaxies. The void's population has a lower luminosity and a later morphological type with the medians: M_B = -15.7^m and T = 8 (Sdm), respectively.Comment: Version 1. 14 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables. Accepted to Astrophysics, Volume 54, Issue

Distances from Surface Brightness Fluctuations

The practice of measuring galaxy distances from their spatial fluctuations in surface brightness is now a decade old. While several past articles have included some review material, this is the first intended as a comprehensive review of the surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) method. The method is conceptually quite simple, the basic idea being that nearby (but unresolved) star clusters and galaxies appear "bumpy", while more distant ones appear smooth. This is quantified via a measurement of the amplitude of the Poisson fluctuations in the number of unresolved stars encompassed by a CCD pixel (usually in an image of an elliptical galaxy). Here, we describe the technical details and difficulties involved in making SBF measurements, discuss theoretical and empirical calibrations of the method, and review the numerous applications of the method from the ground and space, in the optical and near-infrared. We include discussions of stellar population effects and the "universality" of the SBF standard candle. A final section considers the future of the method.Comment: Invited review article to appear in: `Post-Hipparcos Cosmic Candles', A. Heck & F. Caputo (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, in press. 22 pages, including 3 postscript figures; uses Kluwer's crckapb.sty LaTex macro file, enclose

The Hubble Space Telescope Cluster Supernova Survey: II. The Type Ia Supernova Rate in High-Redshift Galaxy Clusters

We report a measurement of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) rate in galaxy clusters at 0.9 < z < 1.45 from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Cluster Supernova Survey. This is the first cluster SN Ia rate measurement with detected z > 0.9 SNe. Finding 8 +/- 1 cluster SNe Ia, we determine a SN Ia rate of 0.50 +0.23-0.19 (stat) +0.10-0.09 (sys) SNuB (SNuB = 10^-12 SNe L_{sun,B}^-1 yr^-1). In units of stellar mass, this translates to 0.36 +0.16-0.13 (stat) +0.07-0.06 (sys) SNuM (SNuM = 10^-12 SNe M_sun^-1 yr^-1). This represents a factor of approximately 5 +/- 2 increase over measurements of the cluster rate at z < 0.2. We parameterize the late-time SN Ia delay time distribution with a power law (proportional to t^s). Under the assumption of a cluster formation redshift of z_f = 3, our rate measurement in combination with lower-redshift cluster SN Ia rates constrains s = -1.41 +0.47/-0.40, consistent with measurements of the delay time distribution in the field. This measurement is generally consistent with expectations for the "double degenerate" scenario and inconsistent with some models for the "single degenerate" scenario predicting a steeper delay time distribution at large delay times. We check for environmental dependence and the influence of younger stellar populations by calculating the rate specifically in cluster red-sequence galaxies and in morphologically early-type galaxies, finding results similar to the full cluster rate. Finally, the upper limit of one host-less cluster SN Ia detected in the survey implies that the fraction of stars in the intra-cluster medium is less than 0.47 (95% confidence), consistent with measurements at lower redshifts.Comment: 29 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ on 16 February 2011. See the HST Cluster Supernova Survey website at http://supernova.lbl.gov/2009ClusterSurvey for a version with full-resolution images and a complete listing of transient candidates from the survey. This version fixes a typo in the metadata; the paper is unchanged from v

A mass of less than 15 solar masses for the black hole in an ultraluminous X-ray source

Most ultraluminous X-ray sources have a typical set of properties not seen in Galactic stellar-mass black holes. They have luminosities of more than 3 × 10 39 ergs per second, unusually soft X-ray components (with a typical temperature of less than about 0.3 kiloelectronvolts) and a characteristic downturn in their spectra above about 5 kiloelectronvolts. Such puzzling properties have been interpreted either as evidence of intermediate-mass black holes or as emission from stellar-mass black holes accreting above their Eddington limit, analogous to some Galactic black holes at peak luminosity. Recently, a very soft X-ray spectrum was observed in a rare and transient stellar-mass black hole. Here we report that the X-ray source P13 in the galaxy NGC 7793 is in a binary system with a period of about 64 days and exhibits all three canonical properties of ultraluminous sources. By modelling the strong optical and ultraviolet modulations arising from X-ray heating of the B9Ia donor star, we constrain the black hole mass to be less than 15 solar masses. Our results demonstrate that in P13, soft thermal emission and spectral curvature are indeed signatures of supercritical accretion. By analogy, ultraluminous X-ray sources with similar X-ray spectra and luminosities of up to a few times 10 40 ergs per second can be explained by supercritical accretion onto massive stellar-mass black holes

Optical and HI properties of isolated galaxies in the 2MIG catalog. I. General relationships

We analyze empirical relationships between the optical, near infrared, and HI characteristics of isolated galaxies from the 2MIG Catalog covering the entire sky. Data on morphological types, K_S-, and B-magnitudes, linear diameters, HI masses, and rotational velocities are examined. The regression parameters, dispersions, and correlation coefficients are calculated for pairs of these characteristics. The resulting relationships can be used to test the hierarchical theory of galaxy formation through numerous mergers of cold dark matter.Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures, 5 table