Plant-atmosphere exchange of ammonia

The results of recent controlled environment and micrometeorological measure- ments of NH3 fluxes are presented to highlight the processes controlling NH3 plant-atmosphere exchange. The presence of NH+ in leaf tissues results in the existence of an NH3 'compensation point' concentration for substomatal tissues (Xs), so that both emission and deposition are possible from stomata. In addition, NH3 may deposit efficiently on to leaf cuticles, short-circuiting any stomatal emis- sion, so that a 'canopy compensation point' (Xc) may be defined that is smaller than Xs. Ammonia is generally deposited to nitrogen limited ecosystems, indi- cating a small Xs and small leaf cuticle resistance (Rw). In contrast, fluxes over croplands are typically bidirectional and may reflect a larger Xs as a consequence of greater N supply. The paper discusses the processes defining Rw (humidity, acidic pollutants) and Xs (plant phenology, species, N nutrition) and proposes a new resistance approach, which integrates Xs and Rw into one model. Estimating long term bidirectional NH3 fluxes is still uncertain, though it is now possible to apply a single model concept to a range of ecosystem types and satisfactorily infer NH3 fluxes over diurnal time scales

Model of how plants sense zinc deficiency

Plants are capable of inducing a range of physico-chemical and microbial modifications of the rhizosphere which can mobilize mineral nutrients or prevent toxic elements from entering the roots. Understanding how plants sense and adapt to variations in nutrient availability is essential in order to develop plant-based solutions addressing nutrient-use-efficiency and adaptation to nutrient-limited or -toxic soils. Recently two transcription factors of the bZIP family (basic-region leucine zipper) have been identified in Arabidopsis and shown to be pivotal in the adaptation response to zinc deficiency. They represent not only the first regulators of zinc homeostasis identified in plants, but also a very promising starting-point that can provide new insights into the molecular basis of how plants sense and adapt to the stress of zinc deficiency. Considering the available information thus far we propose in this review a putative model of how plants sense zinc deficiency

Metapopulation consequences of site fidelity for colonially breeding mammals and birds

<p>1: Many far-ranging bird and mammal species aggregate in colonies to breed, and most individuals remain faithful to one colony. Here, we use modelling to explore the consequences of this site fidelity for the metapopulation dynamics of such species.</p> <p>2: We develop a spatially explicit model of the annual transfer process between colonies. We apply it to different spatial arrangements of 20 identical colonies and thus demonstrate that connectivity alone can, in the short term, give rise to heterogeneity in colony size.</p> <p>3:We place the annual transfer model within a state-structured population model and examine the consequences of local and global density dependence for long-term dynamics. For each scenario, we investigate the implications of the strength of site fidelity, the cost of migration and the population's intrinsic growth rate.</p> <p>4: Our results suggest that, under local density dependence, site fidelity slows down the colonization process and can temporarily trap the entire population in a subset of the available potential colonies. When site fidelity is strong, the metapopulation follows a step-like trajectory. Population growth occurs only rarely because individuals must overcome their site-fidelity to found new colonies. Even though this effect is temporary, it renders the entire metapopulation vulnerable to rare catastrophic collapses.</p> <p>5: Under global density dependence, site fidelity imposes competition between colonies for the limiting resource. Stochastic events lead to the dominance of certain colonies and the temporary extinction of others. If site fidelity is strong, it can permanently prevent the metapopulation from occupying all available potential colonies.</p> <p>6: We conclude that, irrespective of the mechanism of population regulation, colonially breeding species that show strong site fidelity are likely to occupy only a portion of the breeding habitat available to them.</p&gt

ÍNDICES DE EFICIÊNCIA DE VARIEDADES LOCAIS E MELHORADAS DE MILHO AO FÓSFORO PHOSPHORUS EFFICIENCY INDEX OF LOCAL AND IMPROVED CORN VARIETIES

Avaliaram-se dez variedades locais e melhoradas de milho (Zea mays L.) a fim de verificar sua eficiência ao fósforo (P) em solução nutritiva e em campo. Em solução nutritiva, o experimento foi realizado no Instituto Agronômico, Campinas (SP), durante 1995-1996; o delineamento adotado foi o de em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos, dispostos em fatorial, constituíram-se de três concentrações de P (0,0645; 0,129 e 0,258 mmol.L-1) e dez variedades de milho. Em campo, o experimento foi instalado na Embrapa Agrobiologia, em Seropédica (RJ), durante 1998-1999, em blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições, utilizando-se a dose de 44 kg.ha-1 de P (100 kg.ha-1 de P2O5) e as mesmas variedades de milho utilizadas em solução nutritiva: Caiano de Sobrália, Carioca, Antigo Maya, Catetão, Pedra Dourada, Nitrodente, Sol da Manhã (BRS Sol da Manhã), BR 105, BR 106 e BR 107. Determinaram-se a produção de matéria seca e/ou de grãos, conteúdo de P e índices de eficiência nas plantas de ambos os experimentos. As variedades Nitrodente e BR 106 acumularam mais matéria seca na parte aérea em solução nutritiva e apresentaram maiores produções de grãos e índices de eficiência em campo. Catetão, a menos produtiva em campo, mostrou uma das menores produções de matéria seca da parte aérea e de raízes em solução nutritiva. Os resultados para Pedra Dourada, BR 105, BR 107, Antigo Maya e Sol da Manhã foram intermediários e, também, comparáveis entre os ensaios de campo e em solução nutritiva. Foram exceções as variedades Carioca e Caiano, com as menores produções de matéria seca em solução nutritiva e as mais produtivas em campo.<br>Local and improved corn varieties were evaluated to phosphorus (P) efficiency in nutrient solution and field. In nutrient solution, the experiment was set up at Instituto Agronômico, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, during 1995-1996, in a randomized complete block design, with 5 replicates, in a factorial with three P concentrations (0.0645; 0.129 e 0.258 mmol.L-1) and ten maize varieties. In the field, the experiment was set up at the research center of Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, during 1998-1999, using a randomized complete block design, with 6 replicates, and 44 kg.ha-1 of P (100 kg.ha-1 of P2O5). The varieties used were Caiano de Sobrália, Carioca, Antigo Maya, Catetão, Pedra Dourada, Nitrodente, Sol da Manhã (BRS Sol da Manhã), BR 105, BR 106 and BR 107. Dry matter and, or grain yield, P content and P efficiency index were determined in plants of both experiments. The varieties Nitrodente and BR 106 showed the highest shoot dry matter in nutrient solution and the highest grain yield and efficiency index at field conditions. Catetão, with the lowest grain yield in field, showed also low shoot and root dry matter production in nutrient solution. The results in field and nutrient solution were also comparable for Pedra Dourada, BR 105, BR 107, Antigo Maya and Sol da Manhã (intermediary production). The exceptions were the varieties Carioca and Caiano, with inferior performance in nutrient solution and high grain yields in the field