Micromorphology and Site Formation at Hohle Fels Cave, Schwabian Jura, Germany

Die Höhle Hohle Fels liegt auf der Schwäbischen Alb bei Schelklingen und beinhaltet eine stratigraphische Folge, die mindestens 36.000 Jahre zurück geht und Aurignacien-, Gravettien- und Magdalénien-Fundschichten beinhaltet. Die Sedimente vom Hohle Fels wurden mit mikromorphologischen Analysen in Kombination mit Elektronmikroprobe und FTIR-Analysen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Sedimente aus dem inneren Bereich der Höhle stammen und das die feine Matrix in Zusammenhang mit der Nutzung der Höhle durch Bären eine starke Phosphatenanreicherung erlebt hat. Mikrostrukturen belegen kalte und feuchte klimatische Phasen, charakterisiert durch Kryoturbation und Eislinsen. Diese Merkmale sind in den Gravettien- und Magdalénien-Schichten stärker entwickelt und sprechen für kühle Bedingungen während dieser Perioden. Während des letzten Kältemaximums fehlen Hinweise für die Nutzung der Höhle durch Menschen und Höhlenbären. Diese Beobachtungen können als Grundlage dienen, um Hypothesen über das Paläoklima und über menschliches Verhalten im Paläolithikum, die anhand botanischer, faunistischer und archäologischer Daten entwickelt wurden, zu prüfen. Einige der Methoden dieser Untersuchungen wurden zum ersten Mal in den Höhlen der Schwäbischen Alb eingesetzt und lieferten viel versprechende Einblicke in die Archäologie und die naturhistorische Entwicklung der Region.researc

The Middle Stone Age sediments at Sibudu : results from FTIR spectroscopy and microscopic analyses

The Middle Stone Age (MSA) is associated with early behavioral innovations, expansions of modern humans within and out of Africa, and occasional population bottlenecks. Several innovations in the MSA are seen in an archaeological sequence in the rock shelter Sibudu (South Africa). At ~77,000 years ago, people constructed plant bedding from sedges and other monocotyledons topped with aromatic leaves containing insecticidal and larvicidal chemicals. Beginning at ~73,000 years ago, bedding was burned, presumably for site maintenance. By ~58,000 years ago, bedding construction, burning, and other forms of site use and maintenance intensified, suggesting that settlement strategies changed. Behavioral differences between ~77,000 and 58,000 years ago may coincide with population fluctuations in Africa

The Middle Stone Age sediments at Sibudu : results from FTIR spectroscopy and microscopic analyses

The Middle Stone Age (MSA) is associated with early behavioral innovations, expansions of modern humans within and out of Africa, and occasional population bottlenecks. Several innovations in the MSA are seen in an archaeological sequence in the rock shelter Sibudu (South Africa). At ~77,000 years ago, people constructed plant bedding from sedges and other monocotyledons topped with aromatic leaves containing insecticidal and larvicidal chemicals. Beginning at ~73,000 years ago, bedding was burned, presumably for site maintenance. By ~58,000 years ago, bedding construction, burning, and other forms of site use and maintenance intensified, suggesting that settlement strategies changed. Behavioral differences between ~77,000 and 58,000 years ago may coincide with population fluctuations in Africa

Molluscs as evidence for a late Pleistocene and early Holocene humid period in the southern coastal desert of Peru (14.5 degrees S)

The southern Peruvian coastal desert around Palpa, southern Peru (14.5 degrees S) is currently characterized by hyper-arid conditions. However, the presence of two species of molluscs (Scutalus, Pupoides) and desert-loess deposits indicates the past development of semi-desert and grassland ecosystems caused by a displacement of the eastern desert margin due to hydrological changes. Radiocarbon dating shows that the transition to a semi-arid climate in the southern Peruvian coastal desert took place during the Greenland interstadial 1, similar to 13.5 cal ka BR At the beginning of the Holocene, the mollusc fauna vanished due to increasing humidity and the development of grasslands. Dust particles were fixed by the grasses, as indicated by abundant Poaceae phytoliths, and desert loess was formed. The humid period we observe here is out of phase with the palaeoenvironmental records from the Titicaca region, which indicates dry conditions at that time. This paper offers a new idea for this contradiction: an orbitally driven meridional shift of the Bolivian high might have altered the moisture supply across the Andes. (C) 2009 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Bedding, hearths, and site maintenance in the Middle Stone Age of Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Micromorphological analysis of sediments from the Middle Stone Age site of Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, provides a high-resolution sequence and evidence of site formation processes of predominantly anthropogenic deposits. This methodology allows for a detailed interpretation of individual anthropogenic activities, including the construction of hearths and bedding and the maintenance of occupational surfaces through the sweep out of hearths and the repeated burning of bedding. This analysis also provides a context for evaluating other studies at the site relating to magnetic susceptibility, paleobotany, paleozoology, anthracology, and studies of ochre