45 research outputs found
Cell-free synthesis of cytochrome c
Cytochrome c is a peripheral membrane protein, attached to the cytoplasmic surface of the inner mito-chondrial membrane [l-4]. It is coded for by a nuclear gene and translated on cytoplasr@c ribosome
Integrated multidimensional sustainability assessment of energy system transformation pathways
Sustainable development embraces a broad spectrum of social, economic and ecological aspects. Thus, a sustainable transformation process of energy systems is inevitably multidimensional and needs to go beyond climate impact and cost considerations. An approach for an integrated and interdisciplinary sustainability assessment of energy system transformation pathways is presented here. It first integrates energy system modeling with a multidimensional impact assessment that focuses on life cycle-based environmental and macroeconomic impacts. Then, stakeholdersâ preferences with respect to defined sustainability indicators are inquired, which are finally integrated into a comparative scenario evaluation through a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), all in one consistent assessment framework. As an illustrative example, this holistic approach is applied to the sustainability assessment of ten different transformation strategies for Germany. Applying multi-criteria decision analysis reveals that both ambitious (80%) and highly ambitious (95%) carbon reduction scenarios can achieve top sustainability ranks, depending on the underlying energy transformation pathways and respective scores in other sustainability dimensions. Furthermore, this research highlights an increasingly dominant contribution of energy systemsâ upstream chains on total environmental impacts, reveals rather small differences in macroeconomic effects between different scenarios and identifies the transition among societal segments and climate impact minimization as the most important stakeholder preferences
Sustainability assessments of energy scenarios: citizensâ preferences for and assessments of sustainability indicators
Background: Given the multitude of scenarios on the future of our energy systems, multi-criteria assessments are increasingly called for to analyze and assess desired and undesired effects of possible pathways with regard to their environmental, economic and social sustainability. Existing studies apply elaborate lists of sustainability indicators, yet these indicators are defined and selected by experts and the relative importance of each indicator for the overall sustainability assessments is either determined by experts or is computed using mathematical functions. Target group-specific empirical data regarding citizensâ preferences for sustainability indicators as well as their reasoning behind their choices are not included in existing assessments.
Approach and results: We argue that citizensâ preferences and values need to be more systematically analyzed. Next to valid and reliable data regarding diverse sets of indicators, reflections and deliberations are needed regarding what different societal actors, including citizens, consider as justified and legitimate interventions in nature and society, and what considerations they include in their own assessments. For this purpose, we present results from a discrete choice experiment. The method originated in marketing and is currently becoming a popular means to systematically analyze individualsâ preference structures for energy technology assessments. As we show in our paper, it can be fruitfully applied to study citizensâ values and weightings with regard to sustainability issues. Additionally, we present findings from six focus groups that unveil the reasons behind citizensâ preferences and choices.
Conclusions: Our combined empirical methods provide main insights with strong implications for the future development and assessment of energy pathways: while environmental and climate-related effects significantly influenced citizensâ preferences for or against certain energy pathways, total systems and production costs were of far less importance to citizens than the public discourse suggests. Many scenario studies seek to optimize pathways according to total systems costs. In contrast, our findings show that the role of fairness and distributional justice in transition processes featured as a dominant theme for citizens. This adds central dimensions for future multi-criteria assessments that, so far, have been neglected by current energy systems models
Integrated Multidimensional Sustainability Assessment of Energy System Transformation Pathways
Sustainable development embraces a broad spectrum of social, economic and ecological aspects. Thus, a sustainable transformation process of energy systems is inevitably multidimensional and needs to go beyond climate impact and cost considerations. An approach for an integrated and interdisciplinary sustainability assessment of energy system transformation pathways is presented here. It first integrates energy system modeling with a multidimensional impact assessment that focuses on life cycleâbased environmental and macroeconomic impacts. Then, stakeholdersâ preferences with respect to defined sustainability indicators are inquired, which are finally integrated into a comparative scenario evaluation through a multiâcriteria decision analysis (MCDA), all in one consistent assessment framework. As an illustrative example, this holistic approach is applied to the sustainability assessment of ten different transformation strategies for Germany. Applying multiâcriteria decision analysis reveals that both ambitious (80%) and highly ambitious (95%) carbon reduction scenarios can achieve top sustainability ranks, depending on the underlying energy transformation pathways and respective scores in other sustainability dimensions. Furthermore, this research highlights an increasingly dominant contribution of energy systemsâ upstream chains on total environmental impacts, reveals rather small differences in macroeconomic effects between different scenarios and identifies the transition among societal segments and climate impact minimization as the most important stakeholder preferences
Sustainability assessments of energy scenarios: citizens' preferences for and assessments of sustainability indicators
Given the multitude of scenarios on the future of our energy systems, multi-criteria assessments are increasingly called for to analyze and assess desired and undesired effects of possible pathways with regard to their
environmental, economic and social sustainability. Existing studies apply elaborate lists of sustainability indicators, yet these indicators are defined and selected by experts and the relative importance of each indicator for the overall sustainability assessments is either determined by experts or is computed using mathematical functions. Target groupâspecific empirical data regarding citizens' preferences for sustainability indicators as well as their reasoning behind their choices are not included in existing assessments.
We argue that citizens' preferences and values need to be more systematically analyzed. Next to valid and reliable data regarding diverse sets of indicators, reflections and deliberations are needed regarding what
different societal actors, including citizens, consider as justified and legitimate interventions in nature and society, and what considerations they include in their own assessments. For this purpose, we present results from a discrete choice experiment. The method originated in marketing and is currently becoming a popular means to systematically analyze individuals' preference structures for energy technology assessments. As we show in our paper, it can be fruitfully applied to study citizens' values and weightings with regard to sustainability issues. Additionally, we present findings from six focus groups that unveil the reasons behind citizens preferences and choices.
Our combined empirical methods provide main insights with strong implications for the future development and assessment of energy pathways: while environmental and climate-related effects significantly influenced citizens preferences for or against certain energy pathways, total systems and production costs were of far less importance to citizens than the public discourse suggests. Many scenario studies seek to optimize pathways according to total systems costs. In contrast, our findings show that the role of fairness and distributional justice in transition processes featured as a dominant theme for citizens. This adds central dimensions for future multi-criteria assessments that, so far, have been neglected by current energy systems models
Flexibilidade e crise do emprego industrial - sindicatos, regiÔes e novas açÔes empresariais
Sektorale Roadmap Naturraum: Handlungspfade und Handlungsempfehlungen auf dem Weg zu einer klimaangepassten und resilienten Metropolregion Bremen-Oldenburg im Nordwesten
Die sektorale Roadmap gibt Empfehlungen und zeigt Handlungsoptionen auf, die zu einer klimaangepassten und resilienten Entwicklung im Naturraum der Metropolregion Bremen-Oldenburg beitragen kann. Die Roadmap beschreibt zunĂ€chst die fĂŒr den Naturraum relevanten regionalen VerĂ€nderungen des Klimas (Kap. 2). AnschlieĂend werden die Ergebnisse der VulnerabilitĂ€tsanalyse fĂŒr den Naturraum dargestellt (Kap. 3). Kapitel 4 enthĂ€lt die Kernaussagen der in ânordwest2050â entwickelten âVision 2050â fĂŒr das Handlungsfeld Naturraum. Im Sinne der Handlungsorientierung werden schlieĂlich in Kapitel 5 kurzfristige Handlungsempfehlungen fĂŒr den Zeithorizont 2020 und mittel- und langfristige Handlungspfade fĂŒr den Zeitraum 2020 bis 2050 und darĂŒber hinaus benannt und erlĂ€utert
Vision 2050 fĂŒr einen klimaangepassten und resilienten Raum der Metropolregion Bremen-Oldenburg im Nordwesten
Die Vision 2050 von 'nordwest2050â beschreibt eine gewĂŒnschte Zukunftsvorstellung, wie ein resilienter und klimaangepasster Raum der Metropolregion Bremen-OIdenburg im Jahr 2050 aussehen soll. Die Vision 2050 dient als Orientierungsrahmen, um langfristige Strategien und MaĂnahmen auf dem Weg in eine klimaangepasste und resiliente Zukunft erarbeiten zu können. Bearbeitete Themenfelder sind: Regionale Governance, Raum- und Regionalplanung, Geschlechtergerechtigkeit, Konsum / Bildung / Wertewandel, Energieversorgung, ErnĂ€hrungswirtschaft, Hafenwirtschaft / Logistik, KĂŒstenschutz, Naturraum, Tourismus / Naherholung, Gesundheit / Demografie sowie Alltag / Wohnen / Arbeiten / Freizeit
Klimaangepasste FlÀchennutzung in der Metropolregion Bremen- Oldenburg: Transformation und Management unter Unsicherheit
Der Klimawandel wird Auswirkungen auf Art, Umfang und IntensitÀt der Landnutzung und auf die QualitÀt von Böden haben. Nicht alle diese Auswirkungen sind jedoch hinreichend quantifizier- und rÀumlich-zeitlich verortbar. Anpassungsstrategien können unter diesen Bedingungen nur unter hoher Unsicherheit getroffen werden.
Wichtig ist daher die Entwicklung von Verfahren und Methoden, mit denen Entscheidungen ĂŒber Landnutzungen in Richtung mehr Nachhaltigkeit unterstĂŒtzt werden können und die geeignet sind, den Akteuren auch Handlungsoptionen aufzuzeigen. Der nordwest2050-Werkstattbericht Nr. 25 stellt ein Konzept vor, das auf dem Ansatz der Ăkosystemdienstleistungen basiert. Es erlaubt eine integrierte Bewertung der Nutzungsentscheidungen und soll einen Beitrag zu klimaangepassten Landnutzungen leisten. Anhand eines Beispiels aus der Metropolregion Bremen-Oldenburg werden der konzeptionelle Rahmen dieses Konzepts sowie sich daraus ergebende mögliche Handlungsoptionen fĂŒr FlĂ€cheneigner bei der Integration von Klimaanpassungserfordernissen in die Entscheidung ĂŒber FlĂ€chennutzungen erlĂ€utert. Deutlich wird dabei, dass eine stĂ€rkere und systematische BerĂŒcksichtigung der Ăkosystemdienstleistungen einen zentralen Beitrag zur Verbesserung der regionalen AnpassungskapazitĂ€ten an den Klimawandel leisten kann