The Law on Foreigners in the F. R. of Germany

Prava stranaca u SR Njemačkoj regulirana su Zakonom za strance. U prvom dijelu teksta autorica prikazuje razvoj tog zakonodavstva na području Njemačke od 1794. do danas (na snazi je još uvijek Zakon donesen 1965). Sa 1. siječnja 1991. stupa na snagu novi Zakon o strancima. U drugom dijelu teksta navedeni su elementi kojima će taj zakon poboljšati ali i pogoršati pravni status stranaca. Poboljšanja čine pravo na učvršćivanje boravišnog statusa i doseljenje obitelji; mogućnost povratka mladih stranaca; pravo druge generacije na olakšano dobivanje njemačkog državljanstva te kraće vrijeme čekanja od godine dana za dobivanje dozvole boravka za mlade bračne parove druge generacije. Autorica navodi odredbe novog Zakona o pravu boravka stranaca kojima je savezna vlada stvorila pravnu osnovu da se strance, prema njemačkim interesima i potrebama, zapošljava i protjeruje. Novim Zakonom individualni interesi stranaca potpuno su podređeni interesima zajednice; njime se država i njemačko stanovništvo želi zaštititi.The rights of foreigners in the FR of Germany are regulated by the Law on Foreigners. In the first part of this paper, the author describes the development of this Law on the territory of Germany from 1794 to the present (the law of 1965 is still in force). On the 1st of January 1991 a new law concerning foreigners shall come into effect. In the second part of the text, the author lists elements by which this law both improves and worsens the legal status of foreigners. As improvements may be seen – the right to consolidate one\u27s residence status and the right to family immigration, the possibility for return given to young foreigners, the right of second generation migrants to receive German citizenship under facilitated conditions, abolishment of the one-year waiting period for young married couples of the second generation requesting residence permits. The author indicates measures of the new law concerning residence rights for foreigners by which the federal government has created a legal basis for employing or expelling foreigners in accordance with German interests and needs. By the new law individual interests of migrants shall be completely subjugated to the interests of the community. In this way the state and German population wish to protect themselves

The Law on Foreigners in the F. R. of Germany

Prava stranaca u SR Njemačkoj regulirana su Zakonom za strance. U prvom dijelu teksta autorica prikazuje razvoj tog zakonodavstva na području Njemačke od 1794. do danas (na snazi je još uvijek Zakon donesen 1965). Sa 1. siječnja 1991. stupa na snagu novi Zakon o strancima. U drugom dijelu teksta navedeni su elementi kojima će taj zakon poboljšati ali i pogoršati pravni status stranaca. Poboljšanja čine pravo na učvršćivanje boravišnog statusa i doseljenje obitelji; mogućnost povratka mladih stranaca; pravo druge generacije na olakšano dobivanje njemačkog državljanstva te kraće vrijeme čekanja od godine dana za dobivanje dozvole boravka za mlade bračne parove druge generacije. Autorica navodi odredbe novog Zakona o pravu boravka stranaca kojima je savezna vlada stvorila pravnu osnovu da se strance, prema njemačkim interesima i potrebama, zapošljava i protjeruje. Novim Zakonom individualni interesi stranaca potpuno su podređeni interesima zajednice; njime se država i njemačko stanovništvo želi zaštititi.The rights of foreigners in the FR of Germany are regulated by the Law on Foreigners. In the first part of this paper, the author describes the development of this Law on the territory of Germany from 1794 to the present (the law of 1965 is still in force). On the 1st of January 1991 a new law concerning foreigners shall come into effect. In the second part of the text, the author lists elements by which this law both improves and worsens the legal status of foreigners. As improvements may be seen – the right to consolidate one\u27s residence status and the right to family immigration, the possibility for return given to young foreigners, the right of second generation migrants to receive German citizenship under facilitated conditions, abolishment of the one-year waiting period for young married couples of the second generation requesting residence permits. The author indicates measures of the new law concerning residence rights for foreigners by which the federal government has created a legal basis for employing or expelling foreigners in accordance with German interests and needs. By the new law individual interests of migrants shall be completely subjugated to the interests of the community. In this way the state and German population wish to protect themselves

Entwicklung eines Screening-Fragebogens für die Erfassung des affektiv- behavioralen Status bei Patient:innen mit Morbus Parkinson

Die Tiefe Hirnstimulation (THS) ist ein anerkanntes Verfahren für die Therapie des fortgeschrittenen idiopathischen Parkinson-Syndroms. Klinisch relevante psychiatrische Komorbiditäten, wie Depression, Angst, Apathie, Manie und Impulskontrollstörungen haben einen großen Einfluss auf das Outcome der THS und stellen relative Kontraindikationen dar. Die THS kann sich jedoch auch positiv auf psychiatrische Symptome, insbesondere auf Angst und Impulskontrollstörungen auswirken. Eine sorgfältige präoperative Evaluation psychiatrischer Komorbiditäten ist sowohl für die Überprüfung der Kontraindikationen als auch der Indikationen essenziell. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war die Entwicklung einer reduzierten Itembatterie als Grundlage für einen Screening-Fragebogen zur Optimierung der Erfassung des affektiv-behavioralen Status bei Parkinsonpatient:innen im Rahmen der Indikationsprüfung für eine THS. Als Basis für diese Itembatterie dienten die Daten von fünf etablierten Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen (Beck-Depressions-Inventar-II, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Apathie- Evaluationsskala, Manie Selbstbeurteilungsskala, Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease-Rating Scale), die im Rahmen des Klinikstandards an der Uniklinik Köln in der Diagnostik psychischer Komorbiditäten bei Parkinsonpatient:innen seit einigen Jahren verwendet werden. Für die Entwicklung des reduzierten Itempools wurden die im Rahmen der Indikationsprüfung erhobenen Daten von 297 Parkinsonpatient:innen retrospektiv analysiert. In einem zweistufigen Prozess, bestehend aus einer statistischen Itemreduktion und einem Expertenrating wurden aus den fünf bestehenden Fragebögen die für Parkinsonpatient:innen relevanten Items herausgearbeitet. Die finale Auswahl aus den initial 129 Items ergab 38 Items, wobei acht Items Depression erfassen, fünf Items Angst, acht Items Apathie, zehn Items Manie, sechs Items Impulskontrollstörungen und ein Item Halluzinationen. Cutoff-Werte mit der jeweiligen Area under the curve, Sensitivität und Spezifität wurden für die einzelnen Subskalen ermittelt. Die Itemauswahl wurde anhand mehrerer statistischer Methoden (exploratorische und konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse, Cronbach’s alpha, Korrelationen zwischen der Kurz- und Langversion und zwischen den Subskalen) analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die reduzierte Itembatterie eine reliable, valide und effiziente Alternative zu den originalen Fragebögen für die Erfassung des affektiv-behavioralen Status bei Parkinsonpatient:innen darstellt

Zur pädagogischen Steuerung der ideologischen Einstellungen bei Jugendlichen in Schulklassen

Vorgelegt wird ein Bericht über ein Erziehungsexperiment, das in der Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit eines komplexen Systems von Maßnahmen zur positiven Stabilisierung politisch-ideologischer Grundeinstellungen von Jugendlichen bestand. Hierzu wurde ein Maßnahmesystem (Modul I) entwickelt, das den im Fach Staatsbürgerkunde vermittelten gesellschaftswissenschaftlichen Lehrstoff mit dem Lehrstoff anderer Schulfächer koordinierte, um so die im Staatsbürgerkundeunterricht vermittelten ideologischen Vorgaben zu bekräftigen. In einem parallel durchgeführten zweiten Modul erfolgte zusätzlich eine individuelle positive Sanktionierung normadäquater politischer Standpunkte. Die Untersuchung bestätigt die Leithypothese der Arbeit, nach der die Stabilisierung von Einstellungen vor allem durch die ständige Kommunikation mit relativ einheitlichen Faktoren der personalen Umwelt im Sinne einer Dauerprägung erfolgt. (ICE

Immunohistochemical expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in invasive breast cancers and ductal carcinoma in situ: implications for clinicopathology and patient outcome

INTRODUCTION: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) differentially modulates breast epithelial cell growth through insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent and IGF-independent pathways and is a direct (IGF-independent) growth inhibitor as well as a mitogen that potentiates EGF (epidermal growth factor) and interacts with HER-2. Previously, high IGFBP-3 levels in breast cancers have been determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoradiometric assay methods. In vitro, IGFBP-3's mechanisms of action may involve cell membrane binding and nuclear translocation. To evaluate tumour-specific IGFBP-3 expression and its subcellular localisation, this study examined immunohistochemical IGFBP-3 expression in a series of invasive ductal breast cancers (IDCs) with synchronous ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS) in relation to clinicopathological variables and patient outcome. METHODS: Immunohistochemical expression of IGFBP-3 was evaluated with the sheep polyclonal antiserum (developed in house) with staining performed as described previously. RESULTS: IGFBP-3 was evaluable in 101 patients with a variable pattern of cytoplasmic expression (positivity of 1+/2+ score) in 85% of invasive and 90% of DCIS components. Strong (2+) IGFBP-3 expression was evident in 32 IDCs and 40 cases of DCIS. A minority of invasive tumours (15%) and DCIS (10%) lacked IGFBP-3 expression. Nuclear IGFBP-3 expression was not detectable in either invasive cancers or DCIS, with a consistent similarity in IGFBP-3 immunoreactivity in IDCs and DCIS. Positive IGFBP-3 expression showed a possible trend in association with increased proliferation (P = 0.096), oestrogen receptor (ER) negativity (P = 0.06) and HER-2 overexpression (P = 0.065) in invasive tumours and a strong association with ER negativity (P = 0.037) in DCIS. Although IGFBP-3 expression was not an independent prognosticator, IGFBP-3-positive breast cancers may have shorter disease-free and overall survivals, although these did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Increased breast epithelial IGFBP-3 expression is a feature of tumorigenesis with cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in the absence of significant nuclear localisation in IDCs and DCIS. There are trends between high levels of IGFBP-3 and poor prognostic features, suggesting that IGFBP-3 is a potential mitogen. IGFBP-3 is not an independent prognosticator for overall survival or disease-free survival, to reflect its dual effects on breast cancer growth regulated by complex pathways in vivo that may relate to its interactions with other growth factors

IGFBP3 mRNA expression in benign and malignant breast tumors

INTRODUCTION: Most previous studies have focused on evaluating the association between circulating insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) levels and breast cancer risk. Emerging evidence over the past few years suggests that IGFBP-3 may act directly on mammary epithelial cells. METHODS: To understand the role of IGFBP-3 in breast tumorigenesis, we investigated IGFBP3 mRNA expression levels in benign and malignant breast tumors and their adjacent normal tissues using real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Cancer tissues had significantly lower IGFBP3 expression than benign tumor tissues (p < 0.001). IGFBP3 expressions in both tumor and adjacent tissues were higher in patients who had proliferative benign tumors than in those who had non-proliferative benign tumors. Among patients with benign breast disease, IGFBP3 expression in the tumor was significantly higher than that in their adjacent normal tissue. There were no apparent associations of IGFBP3 expression in cancer tissues with either overall survival or disease-free survival in a cohort of 521 patients with breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the expression level of IGFBP3 in breast tissues may be involved in breast tumorigenesis

Purification and characterization of native human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6

Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are key regulators of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) mediated signal transduction and thereby can profoundly influence cellular phenotypes and cell fate. Whereas IGFBPs are extracellular proteins, intracellular activities were described for several IGFBP family members, such as IGFBP-3, which can be reinternalized by endocytosis and reaches the nucleus through routes that remain to be fully established. Within the family of IGFBPs, IGFBP-6 is unique for its specific binding to IGF-II. IGFBP-6 was described to possess additional IGF-independent activities, which have in part been attributed to its translocation to the nucleus; however, cellular uptake of IGFBP-6 was not described. To further explore IGFBP-6 functions, we developed a new method for the purification of native human IGFBP-6 from cell culture supernatants, involving a four-step affinity purification procedure, which yields highly enriched IGFBP-6. Whereas protein purified in this way retained the capacity to interact with IGF-II and modulate IGF-dependent signal transduction, our data suggest that, unlike IGFBP-3, human IGFBP-6 is not readily internalized by human tumor cells. To summarize, this work describes a novel and efficient method for the purification of native human insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 (IGFBP-6) from human cell culture supernatants, applying a four-step chromatography procedure. Intactness of purified IGFBP-6 was confirmed by IGF ligand Western blot and ability to modulate IGF-dependent signal transduction. Cellular uptake studies were performed to further characterize the purified protein, showing no short-term uptake of IGFBP-6, in contrast to IGFBP-3

Comparison of hypoxia transcriptome in vitro with in vivo gene expression in human bladder cancer

Hypoxia-inducible genes have been linked to the aggressive phenotype of cancer. However, nearly all work on hypoxia-regulated genes has been conducted in vitro on cell lines. We investigated the hypoxia transcriptome in primary human bladder cancer using cDNA microarrays to compare genes induced by hypoxia in vitro in bladder cancer cell line EJ28 with genes upregulated in 39 bladder tumour specimens (27 superficial and 12 invasive). We correlated array mRNA fold changes with carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA IX) staining of tumours as a surrogate marker of hypoxia. Of 6000 genes, 32 were hypoxia inducible in vitro more than two-fold, five of which were novel, including lactate transporter SLC16A3 and RNAse 4. Eight of 32 hypoxia-inducible genes in vitro were also upregulated on the vivo array. Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA was upregulated two-fold by hypoxia and 2–18-fold in 31 out of 39 tumours. Glucose transporter 1 was also upregulated on both arrays mRNA, and fold changes on the in vivo array significantly correlated with CA IX staining of tumours (P=0.008). However, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 mRNA was the most strongly differentially expressed gene in both arrays and this confirmed its upregulation in urine of bladder cancer patients (n=157, P<0.01). This study defines genes suitable for an in vivo hypoxia ‘profile', shows the heterogeneity of the hypoxia response and describes new hypoxia-regulated genes

The promoter and the enhancer region of the KLK 3 (prostate specific antigen) gene is frequently mutated in breast tumours and in breast carcinoma cell lines

KLK3 or prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease, which is an established tumour marker of prostatic adenocarcinoma. PSA is now used widely for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with prostate cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that about 70% of breast cancers produce PSA. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism underlying the expression of the PSA gene in breast cancer and breast cancer cell lines. We analysed nine breast tumours categorized on the basis of high- or low-PSA expression in tumour cytosols and four breast cancer cell lines. To determine abnormalities associated with PSA expression in breast tumours, genomic DNA was extracted and all five exons of the PSA gene were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified and sequenced on both strands. PCR amplification was also performed for the promoter and enhancer elements of the PSA gene. No mutations were observed in the coding portion of the gene. A polymorphism was observed in exon 2 from three breast tumours. However, sequencing of the promoter and the enhancer elements of the PSA gene reveals several point mutations. Within a 5.8-kb promoter/enhancer region of the PSA gene, we detected 16 different mutational hotspots (appearing more than once in the nine tumours). Among these hotspots, two appeared in seven out of nine tumours. Most importantly, the androgen response element (ARE I) in the proximal promoter was found mutated in four tumours and in the breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7. Mutations associated with the ARE I have been shown previously to result in an 80% decrease in PSA gene expression. The mutations in the core enhancer and promoter region probably contribute to the aberrant expression of the PSA gene in breast tumours, possibly by altering the regulation of the gene by steroid hormones. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaig