1,846 research outputs found

    European Governance: Common Concerns vs. the Challenge of Diversity

    Get PDF
    The text is a comment on the White Paper on "European Governance" presented by the European Commission (COM[2001] 428, 25.7.2001). It begins by confronting the Commission's emphases with the governance problems that it fails to address, including the unresolved difficulties of economic-policy coordination among EMU member states, the adjustments of governance practices required by Eastern enlargement and, above all, the challenges implied by the fundamental shift of the European agenda - from the problems of achieving economic integration to the problems of coping with the consequences of economic integration. The primary proposals of the White Paper - reducing the involvement of the Council and the European Parliament in "details" of legislation and strengthening the role of the Commission at the expense of member states - would exceed the legitimacy of European institutions and they would also reduce the problem-solving capacity of European governance. European policy must be consensual if it is to be effective and legitimate. Hence it cannot short-circuit the efforts to achieve agreement among member states, even though it is increasingly confronted with problems for which uniform, Europe-wide solutions are not acceptable. Regrettably, the White Paper does not seem to be sufficiently interested in two modes of governance - "closer cooperation" and "open coordination" - that seem to have the potential for improving both the effectiveness and legitimacy of European policy in the face of continuing diversity.Der Text kommentiert das Weißbuch der EuropĂ€ischen Kommission zu Fragen der "European Governance" (KOM[2001] 428, 25.7.2001). Eingangs werden die VorschlĂ€ge der Kommission den Problemen des europĂ€ischen Regierens gegenĂŒbergestellt, die das Weißbuch nicht behandelt. Dazu gehören u.a. die ungelösten Probleme der Koordination der nationalen Wirtschaftspolitik unter den Bedingungen der WĂ€hrungsunion und die Probleme einer im Zuge der Osterweiterung erforderliche Differenzierung des europĂ€ischen Acquis. Vor allem aber fehlt jede Auseinandersetzung mit der grundlegenden Änderung der Anforderungen an die europĂ€ische Politik - von der Vollendung der wirtschaftlichen Integration zur BewĂ€ltigung ihrer Folgeprobleme. Die VorschlĂ€ge des Weißbuchs laufen darauf hinaus, die Rolle des Ministerrats und des EuropĂ€ischen Parlaments auf die Festlegung von GrundsĂ€tzen zu beschrĂ€nken und die Rolle der Kommission auf Kosten der Mitgliedstaaten wesentlich zu stĂ€rken. Eine Umsetzung dieser VorschlĂ€ge mĂŒĂŸte jedoch die Grenzen der Legitimation der europĂ€ischen Institutionen ĂŒberschreiten und zugleich die ProblemlösungsfĂ€higkeit der europĂ€ischen Politik vermindern. Die Union könnte die Suche nach einvernehmlichen Lösungen nicht aufgeben, ohne die EffektivitĂ€t und LegitimitĂ€t der europĂ€ischen Politik zu untergraben. Sie ist jedoch zunehmend mit Problemen konfrontiert, die nicht mehr durch einheitliche Regeln gelöst werden können. Aussichtsreich wĂ€ren hier vielleicht zwei neuere ModalitĂ€ten der europĂ€ischen Politik - "flexible Kooperation" und "offene Kooperation". Sie könnten die Erreichung gemeinsamer Ziele trotz heterogener Bedingungen in den Mitgliedstaaten erleichtern. Leider wird deren Potential im Weißbuch nicht ausreichend gewĂŒrdigt

    Reflections on Multilevel Legitimacy

    Get PDF
    The function of legitimacy is to ensure voluntary compliance with unwelcome exercises of governing authority. Since practically all European law needs to be implemented and enforced by the governments and courts of the member states, the EU does not have to face its citizens directly. It follows that the legitimacy of European governance ought to be conceptualized at two levels. At one level, the legitimacy of member states is decisive for the compliance of individuals and firms, regardless of the ultimate origin – international, European or national – of the rules that demand this compliance. At the other level, the legitimacy of the European “government of governments” is decisive for the voluntary compliance of member states with the obligations imposed on them by the EU. What should be worrying however is the impact which EU governance – especially the rules of negative integration defi ned by politically non-accountable actors – may have on the legitimacy of member states, and ultimately on their capacity to comply.LegitimitĂ€t hat die Funktion, die freiwillige Befolgung unwillkommener AutoritĂ€tsakte zu sichern. Da das Europarecht fast vollstĂ€ndig von den Mitgliedstaaten und ihren Gerichten umgesetzt und durchgesetzt werden muss, kommt es nicht zu einer unmittelbaren Konfrontation der EU mit ihren BĂŒrgern. Deshalb sollte auch die LegitimitĂ€t des Regierens in Europa als Zweistufen-Konzept diskutiert werden. Auf der einen Ebene bestimmt die LegitimitĂ€t der Mitgliedstaaten die Reaktion der BĂŒrger auf unwillkommene Regeln oder Entscheidungen, ohne dass es dafĂŒr auf deren internationale, europĂ€ische oder nationale Herkunft ankĂ€me. Dagegen entscheidet die LegitimitĂ€t der EU als „government of governments“ darĂŒber, ob die Mitgliedstaaten ihrerseits ihre europĂ€ischen Verpflichtungen freiwillig erfĂŒllen. Anlass zu Besorgnis gibt allenfalls die RĂŒckwirkung des europĂ€ischen Regierens – insbesondere der von politisch nicht verantwortlichen Instanzen definierten negativen Integration – auf die LegitimitĂ€t der Mitgliedstaaten und letztlich auf deren FĂ€higkeit zur loyalen Umsetzung europĂ€ischer Regeln.1 Democracy and multilevel polities 2 Legitimacy – functional, normative and empirical 3 Two normative implications 4 European constraints on the political legitimacy of member states 5 Negative integration and empirical legitimacy? 6 So what could be done? Reference

    Globalization: The Limitations on State Capacity

    Get PDF
    Part of the Debate "Globalization

    Globalization and the Welfare State: Constraints, Challenges, and Vulnerabilities

    Get PDF

    The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration

    Get PDF
    Compared to early expectations, the process of European integration has resulted in a paradox: frustration without disintegration and resilience without progress. The article attempts to develop an institutional explanation for this paradox by exploring the similarities between joint decision making (‘Politikverflechtung’) in German federalism and decision making in the European Community. In both cases, it is argued, the fact that member governments are directly participating in central decisions, and that there is a de facto requirement of unanimous decisions, will systematically generate sub‐optimal policy outcomes unless a ‘problem‐solving’ (as opposed to a ‘bargaining’) style of decision making can be maintained. In fact, the ‘bargaining’ style has prevailed in both cases. The resulting pathologies of public policy have, however, not resulted either in successful strategies for the further Europeanization of policy responsibilities or in the disintegration of unsatisfactory joint‐decision systems. This ‘joint‐decision trap’ is explained by reference to the utility functions of member governments for whom present institutional arrangements, in spite of their sub‐optimal policy output, seem to represent ‘local optima’ when compared to either greater centralization or disintegration

    Democratic Legitimacy Under Conditions of Regulatory Competition: Why Europe Differs from the United States

    Full text link
    Addresses concern over the so‐called ‘democratic deficit’ in the EU in comparison with the USA. The author deduces that there are two reasons for the political salience of this alleged deficit: the pragmatic reason that the EU's institutions are inadequate for a union with fifteen members and an expanded range of competencies (and will become unworkable when it is enlarged by the joining of the Eastern European countries); and the trilemma of the democratic welfare state. This is that EU member states cannot want to shed their welfare‐state obligations without jeopardizing the bases of their democratic legitimacy, they cannot want to reverse the process of economic integration, which exposes national welfare states to regulatory competition, and they cannot want to avoid regulatory competition by shifting welfare‐state responsibilities upward to the European level. The chapter focuses primarily on the third part of this European trilemma. It begins with a brief theoretical discussion of the preconditions of democratic legitimacy, then it explores how these are affected by European integration; it concludes with an examination of European policies that could strengthen national efforts to cope with the constraints of regulatory competition

    Legitimacy in the Multilevel European Polity

    Get PDF
    In order to be simultaneously effective and liberal, governments must normally be able to count on voluntary compliance – which, in turn, depends on the support of socially shared legitimacy beliefs. In Western constitutional democracies, such beliefs are derived from the distinct but coexistent traditions of “republican” and “liberal” political philosophy. When judged by these criteria, the European Union – if considered by itself – appears as a thoroughly liberal polity which, however, lacks all republican credentials. But this view (which seems to structure the debates about the “European democratic deficit”) ignores the multilevel nature of the European polity, where the compliance of citizens is requested, and needs to be legitimated by member states – whereas the Union appears as a “government of governments” which is entirely dependent on the voluntary compliance of its member states. What matters primarily, therefore, is the compliance-legitimacy relationship between the Union and its member states – which, however, is normatively constrained by the basic compliance-legitimacy relationship between member governments and their constituents. Given the high consensus requirements of European legislation, member governments could and should be able to assume political responsibility for European policies in which they had a voice, and to justify them in “communicative discourses” in the national public space. This is not necessarily true of “non-political” policy choices imposed by the European Court of Justice. By enforcing its “liberal” program of liberalization and deregulation, the ECJ may presently be undermining the “republican” bases of member-state legitimacy. Where this is the case, open non-compliance is a present danger, and political controls of judicial legislation may be called for.Um gleichzeitig effektiv und liberal sein zu können, ist staatliche Herrschaft auf freiwillige Folgebereitschaft angewiesen – die ihrerseits der UnterstĂŒtzung durch sozial geteilte LegitimitĂ€tsĂŒberzeugungen bedarf. In den demokratischen Verfassungsstaaten des Westens werden solche Überzeugungen aus den unterschiedlichen, aber komplementĂ€r zusammenwirkenden Traditionen der „republikanischen“ und der „liberalen“ politischen Philosophie hergeleitet. An diesen Kriterien gemessen erscheint die EuropĂ€ische Union – wenn man sie fĂŒr sich betrachtet – als eine „liberale“ politische Ordnung, der jedoch alle „republikanischen“ LegitimitĂ€tsmerkmale fehlen. Aber eine solche Sichtweise, die auch die derzeitige Diskussion ĂŒber ein „europĂ€isches Demokratiedefizit“ bestimmt, verkennt den Mehrebenencharakter des europĂ€ischen Gemeinwesens. In ihm sind es die Mitgliedstaaten, die Entscheidungen der Union gegenĂŒber den eigenen BĂŒrgern durchsetzen und auch legitimieren mĂŒssen, wĂ€hrend es fĂŒr die Union ihrerseits auf die freiwillige Folgebereitschaft ihrer Mitgliedstaaten ankommt. Dabei werden diese jedoch durch die normativen Grundlagen ihrer eigenen LegitimitĂ€t begrenzt. Politische Entscheidungen auf europĂ€ischer Ebene setzen breiten Konsens voraus, und die Regierungen sollten sie deshalb auch gegenĂŒber den eigenen BĂŒrgern in „kommunikativen Diskursen“ vertreten und dafĂŒr die politische Verantwortung ĂŒbernehmen können. Dies gilt jedoch nicht notwendigerweise auch fĂŒr Entscheidungen der europĂ€ischen Politik, die im nichtpolitischen Modus ohne Beteiligung des Rates und des Parlaments vom EuropĂ€ischen Gerichtshof bestimmt werden. Mit der gegenwĂ€rtigen Radikalisierung seines „liberalen“ Programms der Liberalisierung und Deregulierung des nationalen Rechts könnte der Gerichtshof in der Tat die „republikanischen“ Grundlagen der mitgliedstaatlichen LegitimitĂ€t unterminieren. In diesem Falle könnte die Union sich nicht lĂ€nger auf die Folgebereitschaft ihrer Mitgliedstaaten verlassen. Um diese Gefahr fĂŒr die europĂ€ische Integration zu vermeiden, sollte eine stĂ€rkere politische Kontrolle der richterlichen Rechtsetzung erwogen werden.1 Legitimacy Republican and liberal legitimating discourses Constitutional democracies – and the EU? 2 Legitimacy in multilevel polities 3 Legitimating member state compliance Political modes of policy making Non-political policy making 4 The need for justification 5 The Court is pushing against the limits of justifiability 6 The liberal undermining of republican legitimacy 7 Needed: A political balance of community and autonomy Reference

    A New Social Contract? Negative and Positive Integration in the Political Economy of European Welfare States

    Get PDF

    Decision Rules, Decision Styles, and Policy Choices

    Get PDF
    • 

    corecore