Drug resistance mutations in HIV-1.

The International AIDS Society-USA (IAS-USA) Drug Resistance Mutations Group is a volunteer panel of experts that meets regularly to review and interpret new data on HIV-1 resistance. The focus of the group is to identify mutations associated with clinical resistance to HIV-1. These mutations have been identified by 1 or more of the following criteria: (1) in vitro passage experiments or validation of contribution to resistance by using site-directed mutagenesis; (2) susceptibility testing of laboratory or clinical isolates; (3) genetic sequencing of viruses from patients in whom the drug is failing; (4) correlation studies between genotype at baseline and virologic response in patients exposed to the drug. Drugs that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or available through expanded access protocols are included

Facilitators and barriers to engagement in physical activity for people with multiple sclerosis: A qualitative investigation

Purpose. To explore the barriers and facilitators to engagement in physical activity from the perspective of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Method. This study adopted a qualitative descriptive design, using semi-structured interviews. Participants were recruited through local MS Societies and one District Health Board as part of a larger study. Ten people with a definite diagnosis of MS were purposefully selected aiming for diversity on a range of characteristics. Results. A number of factors were identified that seemed to interact and work to tip the decisional balance regarding physical activity engagement for people with MS. The most prominent themes included beliefs about physical activity; related emotional responses; and the role of fatigue in the decision to take part in physical activity. One of the most striking findings was the apparent tension surrounding the decision to take part in physical activity which seemed to be related to the co-existence of conflicting beliefs. Conclusions. For people with MS, the decision to engage in physical activity (or not) is complex, fluid and individual; made more complex by the unpredictable nature of MS. Rehabilitation professionals attempting to engage people with MS in a physical activity programme should consider adopting an individualised approach to barrier management which takes into account personal beliefs and perceptions regarding physical activity engagement