Effect of Paneer Booti During Kinetics on Candida

Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus and a commensal of skin in humans. It is opportunistic fungal pathogen that may cause localized as well as systemic infections. As the pathogenecity of fungus is increasing, the demand for effective antifungal agent is also increasing. In the present study the macrodilution, microdilution and time kill curve methods were used to evaluate the effect of paneer booti during growth kinetics of Candida. In macrodilution the most effective concentrations of paneer booti were found to be 10-1 and 10-2. Similarly fluonazole ‘s concentration of 10-1 and 10-2 effect the growth after 4 hours and 10-3 and 10-4 effect the growth after 5 hours. In microdilution, magnesium and calcium enhanced the growth of C. albicans after 7 hours. In 10-3 and 10-4 concentration the inhibition of Candida albicans occured after 8 hours and fluconazole and paneer booti were found to be effective on its growth. The time kill curve of Candida albicans showed that paneer booti and fluconazole were effected against the Candida albicans and clearly showed the four phases of growth (lag, log, stationary and decline ). As paneer booti was found to be effective against the pathogenic specie of Candida i.e., Candida albicans, therefore, it can be use for the treatment of infections that are caused by this pathogenic agent

Identification and Isolation of fungus from food and determination of its antibacterial activity

The issue of drug resistant pathogens is the most well-known issue now days. Irresistible and parasitic infections are still the second driving reason for death. This is the major cause to examine their antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial compounds produced by fungus naturally are the most vital source of their discovery. Parasites are easy and valuable source with the great pharmaceutical potential. This study was led to explore that whether the infectious metabolites have ability to repress or execute the human pathogenic microscopic organisms. The parasitic metabolites were segregated from Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus flavus , Rhizopus and Penicillium and check their antibacterial action against human pathogenic microorganisms, for example, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Zone of inhibition were measured by agar well diffusion method and pharmacological activity analyzed by qualitative test, for example, glycoside, alkaloid and tannins test. The results demonstrated that just Aspergillus fumigatus have pharmacological activity and it give zone of restraint against human pathogenic microbes. Other fungi for example, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus and Penicillium did not give any zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Aspergillus fumigatus metabolites can be use for the preparation of antibiotic

Caracterização molecular e bioquímica de micróbios biodegradadores de resíduos sólidos isolados da lixeira municipal da cidade de Karachi

Solid waste dump site-based pollution is one of the colossal health concerns globally due to presence of cellulose, starch, protein, and lipids, which is a perfect nutrient waste for the development of biodegrading potential microbes. The current study aimed to determine the productive microorganisms for waste biodegradation. Ten samples were collected from different areas of Karachi waste dump sites. The identification and characterization of isolates were done by morphological and biochemical tests. The isolated microbes were qualitatively screened for the action of making industrially key bio-enzymes. The potential enzymes producing microbes were subjected to waste degradation test for 90 days. Changes of odor, color and weight loss of decomposing garbage were noted. The highest degradation ability in term of weight loss was shown by Aspergillus (SSI14) and Bacillus (SSI6). Four metals (zinc sulphate, cadmium chloride, copper sulphate and iron sulphate) were chosen for the purpose of metals tolerance test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the isolated microbial strains. Current study reported that Zn was found to be more lethal in in comparison to  Cu and Fe. Molecular identification of the isolated microbes was done by polymerase chain reaction. The microbial strains were characterized by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by confirmation of product by agarose gel electrophoresis. The findings can be served as baseline data to develop microbial apparatus for biodegradation and management of solid waste.O presente estudo visou determinar os microrganismos produtivos para a biodegradação de resíduos. Foram recolhidas dez amostras de diferentes áreas de depósitos de resíduos de Karachi. A identificação e caracterização dos isolados foram feitas através de testes morfológicos e bioquímicos. Os micróbios isolados foram selecionados qualitativamente para a ação de fazer bio-enzimas industriais chave. Os potenciais micróbios produtores de enzimas foram submetidos a um teste de degradação de resíduos durante 90 dias. Registaram-se alterações no odor, na cor e na perda de peso do lixo em decomposição. A maior capacidade de degradação em termos de perda de peso foi demonstrada por Aspergillus (SSI14) e Bacillus (SSI6). Foram escolhidos quatro metais (sulfato de zinco, cloreto de cádmio, sulfato de cobre e sulfato de ferro) para o ensaio de tolerância dos metais e para a concentração mínima inibitória (MIC) das estirpes microbianas isoladas. O estudo atual relatou que Zn foi considerado mais letal em comparação com e Fe. A identificação molecular dos micróbios isolados foi feita por reação em cadeia de polimerase. As estirpes microbianas foram caracterizadas pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) seguida de confirmação do produto por eletroforese de gel de agarose. As descobertas podem ser servidas como dados de base para desenvolver aparelhos microbianas para a biodegradação e gestão de resíduos sólidos

Antimicrobial Activity of Aloe Vera against Pathogenic Bacteria

Present study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of Aloe Vera with ethanol against gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The Agar well diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial activity. The result shows that maximum inhibition observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae (1mm---4mm), minimum inhibition was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa while negligible activity observed against Escherichia coli. This is important to used Aloe Vera for cosmetic and food purpose

Bioethics Education, Awareness of Ethics and Dissemination of Knowledge among Teachers and Students

The main goal of this study was to determine the awareness regarding bioethics education, knowledge and dissemination of knowledge among university teachers and students. This study's primary objective was to learn how educators cope with ethical disagreement inside the classroom and to clarify the factors that influence the way they cope. A total of 17 teachers and 26 students were selected for the study. A Questionnaire were designed and circulated among students and teachers of Jinnah University for Women. The data was collected and subjected to SPSS Software for statistical analysis. In total 43 teachers and students were surveyed out of which about 60% were aware of the importance of bioethics and were in opinion to add as a separate course in the syllabus. The results of the present study give us impression about the level of awareness to bioethics education and knowledge among teachers and students. The knowledge should be applied to conduct such study in larger population which will result in facilitation of services in both public and private sectors. The study revealed out the necessity of a comprehensive education programs related to bioethical issues and its awareness for the students as well as teachers

Effect of Growth Media, pH and Temperature on Yeast to Hyphal Transition in Candida albicans

The transition of C. albicans from unicellular yeast form to filamentous form i.e., pseudohyphae and hyphae is referred to as morphogenesis. C. albicans has the ability to respond to environmental conditions and accordingly changing its cell morphology. Three main morphological forms of C. albicans are unicellular yeast, pseudohyphae and hyphae. The effect of different growth media (Horse serum medium, RPMI-1640, MSGB), incubation temperatures (34˚C, 37˚C, 40˚C) and pH values (5.4, 6.4, 7.4) on germ tube production by C. albicans was evaluated. Horse serum medium noticeably promotes filamentation while RPMI-1640 medium shows moderate filamentation and MSGB media shows moderately low filamentation. The germ tube of C. albicans developed early in 1.5 hr at high temperature i.e., 40˚C. Incubation temperature of 37˚C was associated with highest germ tube formation while 34˚C shows low filamentation. A pH of 5.4 also induces low filamentation, pH 6.4 gives moderately lower than pH 7.4. A pH of 7.4 was best suited for germ tube induction. The peak of mycelium production appears between 1.5 and 6 hr after inoculation of C. albicans culture. These results suggested that environmental factors are important in selectively favoring yeast or hyphal form, most important being the growth medium, incubation temperature and external pH value

Effect of Cadmium Levels on the Growth Curve of Candida albicans

Environmental pollution by toxic heavy metals is one of the most pressing problems. Metals are released in the environment in industrial effluent. Cadmium is one of the heavy metal toxic to microorganisms; however, there are yeast strains resistant to this metal. One of yeast species Candida albicans is a diploid fungus (a form of yeast) that is a causal agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. In the present study, effect of Cadmium on the growth curve of Candida albicans was demonstrated. Candida albicans was grown both in the presence and absence of Cadmium in YEPD media. Growth curves of the Candida albicans were plotted to study the growth pattern of the yeast isolate. It was found that Candida albicans grow well at 50 µg/ml concentration of cadmium. The organism was found to be resistant to the used heavy metal. Growing metal resistant cells is very important as it can ensure better removal through the process of biosorption. Such approaches may help in the removal of toxic metals from the environmental thus reducing environmental pollution

Bacteriostatic Activity of Lemon Juice against Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Antimicrobial herbs are center of attraction from a very long time back. These herbs can cure variety of the infections including GIT, liver and skin infections. In this conducted study we have analyzed lemon as an antibacterial herb against skin infections. A total of 25 skin lesion samples were collected out of which 14 were Staphylococcus epidermidis and 06 were Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. By pure culture study method all the species of Staphylococci gives bacteriostatic growth by the activity of lemon juice which was analyzed by Agar well diffusion method. Some other antimicrobial herb are also efficient against skin infections like aloe vera, neem etc. Because of the presence of Vitamin C lemon juices aids some more health effects to the skin and have less side effects than antibiotics

Prevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infection in Replacement and Voluntary Blood Donor

The aim of this study is to present the status of transfusion –transmitted infections among the apparently healthy donors so as to increase the awareness of complications of blood transfusion and make the clinicians more vigilant with regard to judicious use of blood. Screening of blood is mandatory for providing safe blood. The magnitude of transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) varies from country to country depending on TTI’s load in that particular population. Transfusion transmitted infections create significant burden on health care system. Donor selection is of paramount importance because infected individuals serve as an asymptomatic reservoir and a potential source of transmission. This retrospective study was carried out in healthy blood donors in the age group of 18-60 years; study was done on blood units collected from replacement and voluntary donors. The serum samples were screened for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg); antibodies against HIV I and II, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) by Chemiluminescent microparticle immuno assay (CMIA) method. Screening for Syphilis was carried out by RPR Rapid plasma reagent. Seropositivity of transfusion transmitted disease in replacement donors was 1.93% in hepatitis B surface antigen, 2.41% in hepatitis C virus, 0.09% in HIV and 1.15% in syphilis. Voluntary donors had low infectivity rate as compare to replacement donor

Effect of Burn Injury on the Dissemination of Candida albicans from the Skin of Mouse

Burn injury is associated with the greatly increased susceptibility of thermally injured patients to infection from a variety of pathogens. Candida albicans is a commensal of skin and has been reported as a severe pathogen in thermally injured patients. Systemic candidiasis has emerged as a major cause of death in burn patients. In this study, the ability of Candida albicans to infect thermally injured host and the host response to systemic infections with Candida albicans was studied by using burned mice. The C. albicans suspension was spreaded over the burn surface. Mice were sacrificed ten days after burn to check the presence of yeasts in the kidneys, lung, liver and spleen or burn wounds. After 48 hr. of incubation of culture plates yeasts were recovered from the kidneys, lung, liver, spleen of burned mice. This study describes the enhanced susceptibility of burned mice to systemic candidiasis and shows that a systemic infection with Candida can lead organisms to contaminate the wound