Apoptosis of Colorectal Cancer Cell on Sprague-Dawley Rats Induced with 1,2 Dimethylhidrazine and Phyllanthus Niruri Linn Extrac

Apoptosis cell is one of the main biomolecular predictors to determine kind of treatment given to patient with colorectal cancer and to predict the end result. Phyllanthus niruri Linn (P. niruri L) acts as antineoplastic but its potency on the process of cancer cell apoptosis has not been revealed yet. The objective of the research was to evaluate the apoptosis index of rats with colorectal cancer treated with and without P. niruri L. extract. This research used The Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design. As many as 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with 1,2 DMH 30 mg/kgBW once in every week. Four rats were sacrificed at week 9th, 11th and 13th to be observed the development of colorectal cancer. Induction was then stopped and other 18 rats were randomly located into two groups. The first group was positive control (K+) group consisted of 9 rats without P. niruri extract. The second group (X) was consisted of 9 rats with the application of P.niruri L. extract 13.5 mg/kg per day orally. All rats were terminated on week 19th, tumor lesion was proceed for Histopathology preparations and stained with Kit TUNEL-IHC (Apo-BrdU-IHCTM BioVision Cat #K403) to identify the apoptosis cell. Data were analyzed using unpaired t-test with significant level of p<0.05. The result showed that the average of apoptosis index of X treatment was 2.37 + 0.48 higher than K+ treatment namely 1.45 + 0.41 with a highly significance difference (p=0.000). Phyllanthus niruri L extract increased the apoptosis of colorectal cancer of Sprague-Dawley rats induced with 1,2 Dimethylhidrazin

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Phyllanthus Niruri Linn terhadap Infiltrasi Limfosit dan Ekspresi Perforin pada Kanker Kolon Tikus Sprague-Dawley

The effect of Phyllanthus niruri Linn extract on lymphocytes infiltration and perforin expression in colon cancer of Sprague-Dawley RatBackground: Colon cancer treatment currently involves immunotherapy that aims to improve the quality of life and survival of patients. Phyllanthus niruri Linn (P. niruri L) may act as an immunomodulator, but its potency in antitumor immune responses has not been revealed. The study was conducted to evaluate the differences between the immunological status of rats suffering colon cancer which were not given to those given the extract of P. niruri L.Methods: The study was randomized posttest-only control group design. Samples were 30 Sprague-Dawley male rats, bodyweight 170-220 gr which induced by 1.2 DMH 30 mg/kgBW subcutaneously. On the weeks 9, 11 and 13, four induced rats each week were sacrified to detect the development of colon cancer. On the weeks of 13th all of 4 rats were developed colon cancer, so the induction were stopped. The rest of 18 induced rats were randomly into two groups: without P. niruri L or positive control (K+)=9 rats and given P. niruri L extract 13.5 mg/kg orally or X group=9 rats. After 19th week all of rats were then terminated and tumor lesion of colon were processed hystophatologically. The tissues of colon cancer were stained by H&E for evaluate the lymphocytes infiltration and immunohistochemistry monoclonal antibody anti-perforin for perforin expression. Non pairs t-test was used with considered significant if p<0.05.Results: The mean of lymphocytes infiltration of the group X was 401.89±70.19, it was higher compared to K+ 191.89±50.68 (p=0.000). The mean percentage of perforin expression of group X was 39.00±1.80%, it was higher compared to K+ 23.00± 3.00% (p=0.000). Conclusion: The extract of P. niruri L increases immunologic status through mechanism of lymphocytes infiltration and perforin expression elevation of colon cancer in animal mode

Ekstrak Phyllanthus Niruri Linn, Pertumbuhan Tumor dan Proliferasi Sel Kanker Kolorektal: Studi Eksperimental pada Tikus Sprague-Dawley yang Diinduksi 1,2 DMH

Effect of Phyllanthus niruri Linn extract on tumor growth and cell proliferation of colorectal cancer: experimental study in 1.2 DMH-induced Sprague-Dawley ratsBackground: The development of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) is so very advanced, however, the survival of patients has not been satisfactory, therefore, the current therapy also involve immunotherapy. Phyllanthus niruri Linn (P. niruri L) may act as an immunomodulator and anticancer, but its potency has not been revealed. Study was conducted to confirm the effects of P. niruri L extract in the treatment of CRC.Method: The study was randomized posttest-only control group design. Samples were Sprague-Dawley male rats, bodyweight 170- 220 gr, were divided into two groups: non induced or negative control (K-) consisted of 9 normal rats, and induced by 1.2 DMH 30 mg/kgBW subcutaneously group consisted 30 rats. On the weeks 9, 11 and 13, four induced rats each week were sacrified to detect the development of CRC. On the weeks of 13th all of 4 rats were developed CRC, so the induction were stopped. The rest of 18 induced rats were randomly into two groups: without P. niruri L or positive control (K+)=9 rats and given P. niruri L extract 13.5 mg/kg orally or X group=9 rats. After 19th week all of rats were then terminated and tumor lesion of colon were examined macroscopically and hystophatologic tissues were stained with AgNORs for evaluate the cells proliferation. Oneway Anova and Post Hoc LSD test for the growth of colon tumor and non pairs t-test for cell proliferation were used. Considered significant if p was <0.05. Result: There was no tumor growth on K- group, while for K+ was 83.33±14.34% and on X was 40.44±13.23% (p=0.000). The mean of AgNORs on K+ was 4.60±0.55 while on X was 2.25±0.39 (p=0.000).Conclusion: The extract of P. niruri L suppress the tumor growth and cell proliferation of CRC

E-learning-based Training Model for Accounting Teachers

: E-Learning-Based Training Model for Accounting Teachers. To improve the competencies of teachers located on remote and diverse areas, it is viable and commendable to implement e-learning-based training. In view of this purpose, the present action research examines the effectiveness of e-learning-based training for accounting teachers. The findings reveal that teachers with poor ICT skills need to take orientation around online class first in order to get familiar with the use of ICT for learning purposes. Meanwhile, teachers with good ICT skills are able to engage directly in the training. The re­search project also shows that the effectiveness of training can be achieved through sequentially organ­ized materials and accessed through the learning progress of the trainees. Encouragement to the trainees for active involvement in the discussion forums during the training results in high final scores at the end of the training session

Kualitas Perairan Lahan Basah di Sungai Comal, Pemalang dan Sungai Kedung Coet, Indramayu

Pemanfaatan kawasan untuk jaringan pembuangan industri, sampah rumah tangga, eksploitasi surnberdaya alam, konversi lahan, pertanian, dan pertambakan berdampak negatif pada kualitas perairan lahan basah. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang berapa besar pengaruh dari berbagai pemanfaatan kawasan terhadap kualitas air secara fisik maupun kirma dan pengaruhnya terhadap keragaman jenis benthos dan plankton sebagai indikator kualitas lingkungan perairan. Metode yang digunakan adalah purposive random sampling pada badan Sungai (S) Comal, Pemalang dan S. Kedung Coet, Resor Pemangkuan Hutan (RPH) Cemara, Bagian Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan (BKPH) lndramayu. Dan hasil penelitian disebutkan bahwa, kualitas air secara fisik rnaupun kimia di kedua sungai tersebut menurun sebagai akibat dan eksploitasi vegetasi mangrove dan intrusi air laut dilihat dari residu terlarut (10,373 mg/I dan 33,357 mg/I), sahnitas (20 mg.II dan 25 mg/I), BOD (19,88 mgtl dan 77, I 2 mg/I), COD (48,20 mg/I dan 188,76 mg/I). NIP rasio (77,5 % dan 436,33 %). klorida (Cl) (3,349 mg/I dan 12,996 mg/I), sulfat (179,34 mg/I dan 6,05 mg/I), besi (0.387 mg/I dan 0.847 mg/I), dan tembaga (0,02 mg/I dan 0.117 mg/I). Jenis benthos yang mendominasi kawasan perairan adalah Gammarus spp merupakan jenis yang bertoleransi terhadap pencemaran lingkungan. Sedangkan dari jenis plankton, kawasan di S. Comal, Pemalang digolongkan ke dalam perairan eutrophic dan S. Kedung Coet, RPH Cemara, BKPH lndramayu termasuk perairan antara eutrophtc dan oligotrophic

Ekosistem Mangrove sebagai Obyek Wisata Alam di Kawasan Konservasi Mangrove dan Bekantan di Kota Tarakan

Kawasan Konservasi Mangrove Bekantan (KKMB) di Kota Tarakan Kalimantan Timur dibangun sebagai tempat pendidikan mangrove dan konservasi bekantan. Pengelolaan selanjutnya berkembang menjadi daerah tujuan wisata, sehingga diperlukan kajian kesesuaian ekosistem mangrove dan persepsi pengunjung dalam rangka mendukung program tersebut. Studi ini meliputi analisis vegetasi mangrove, kandungan logam berat di dalam tanah dan tekstur substrat tanah, keberadaan satwaliar dan biota perairan, kondisi pasang surut dan persepsi pengunjung KKMB. Tipe ekosistem mangrove KKMB terdiri dari hutan alam yang didominasi Rhizophora apiculata (INP = 106,94%) dan kawasan perluasan didominasi oleh Sonneratia alba (INP= 113,50%). Analisis substrat tanah menunjukkan indikasi pencemaran logam berat yang tinggi seperti Pb (20,63-33,41 ppm) sebagai dampak negatif kegiatan transportasi masyarakat. Salah satu jenis biota perairan yang dimanfaatkan masyarakat adalah Telescopium telescopiumyang merupakan jenis yang dilindungi. Ditemukan 25 individu bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) dan 18 jenis burung. Penilaian kesesuaian kawasan KKMB menunjukkan hutan alam (80,26%) dan kawasan perluasan (92,10%) sangat sesuai dan memenuhi kriteria sebagai obyek wisata alam, ditunjang oleh persepsi pengunjung yang tertarik kepada keindahan alam, satwaliar, dan biotik perairan

Interaksi Masyarakat dengan Hutan dan Lingkungan Sekitarnya di Kawasan dan Daerah Penyangga Taman Nasional Kutai

Taman Nasional Kutai (TNK) seluas 198.629 ha, sejak tahun 2000-an mulai dirambah penduduk untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai tempat pemukiman, lahan perkebunan dan tambak seluas 53.629 ha (27%), sehingga hutan yang tersisa dan masih utuh sekitar 145.000 (73%). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang kondisi interaksi masyarakat di dalam kawasan maupun daerah penyangga TNK, melalui wawancara dengan responden sebanyak 33 KK (Kepala Keluarga) yang dipilih secara purposive. Keterkaitan masyarakat dengan TNK dibedakan berdasarkan tipologi masyarakat berlatar belakang sosial ekonomi dan budaya berbeda yaitu dari etnis Dayak, Kutai, Jawa dan Bugis. Interaksi masyarakat ke dalam kawasan TNK dilakukan dengan berbagai tujuan antara lain untuk memperluas lahan garapan masyarakat, sedangkan bagi pemerintah daerah dilakukan guna memperluas daerah dalam rangka otonomi daerah. Untuk mengatasi masalah perambahan hutan hendaknya didasarkan pada aspek konservasi untuk mengembalikan fungsi kawasan TNK seperti semula, sedangkan pelestarian dan pengembangan pemanfaatan potensi sumberdaya alam yang termasuk keanekaragaman tumbuhan lokal dan endemik Kalimantan seperti buah-buahan dan bahan pewarna perlu disosialisasikan dan dibudidayakan di kebun rakyat baik untuk masyarakat lokal maupun pendatang

Habitat dan Populasi Burung di Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai, Kabupaten Kuningan

Taman Nasional (TN) Gunung Ciremai sebagai habitat hutan pegunungan di Jawa Barat memiliki keanekaragaman jenis burung yang sesuai dengan relung ekologinya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang tipe habitat, pemanfaatan tumbuhan oleh burung, keragaman jenis burung serta pengelolaannya secara insitu. Metode pengamatan dilakukan dengan meletakkan plot secara purposive random sampling pada habitat burung dengan radius + 25 m, pencatatan jenis burung dilakukan di dalam maupun di luar plot contoh. Habitat burung yang terdapat di kawasan TN Gunung Ciremai ada tiga tipe, di mana kawasan yang dikelola dengan sistem Pengelolaan Hutan Berbasis Masyarakat (PHBM), Cibunar mempunyai keragaman jenis dan keseimbangan paling tinggi (H' = 2,7440 dan E = 0,7657), keadaan ini didukung oleh tingkat kesukaan burung terhadap jenis tumbuhan dan sebagai dampak daerah ecotone. Kepadatan jenis burung yang lebih dari 10 ekor per ha adalah burung kacamata gunung (Zosterops palpebrosa Nich) dan prenjak (Prinia familiaris Horsfield), hal ini didukung oleh perilaku burung yang suka berkelompok dan pemakan serangga. Tumbuhan yang dimanfaatkan oleh burung untuk mencari pakan, beristirahat, bersarang, dan tidur adalah pohon buah-buahan seperti Durio zibethinus Murr, Artocarpus heterophylla Lamk., Syzigium aromaticum O.Ktze., dan Parkia speciosa Hask. Jenis tumbuhan yang lain sebagai habitat adalah Bambusa vulgaris Schrad, sedangkan marga ficus-ficusan digunakan burung sebagai tempat mencari pakan dan beristirahat. Pengelolaan secara insitu telah dilakukan oleh masyarakat dalam bentuk penanaman pohon buah-buahan dan tidak menebang marga ficus-ficusan di kawasan PHBM. Upaya konservasi yang harus dilakukan adalah pengayaan tanaman dan peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat lokal untuk menarik burung dan mencegah perburuan liar, baik terhadap burung yang telah dilindungi maupun yang belum dilindungi