Glomerular number in offspring of SE dams.

<p>Kidney H&E stained sections from the offspring of Control (1^st column) and smoke exposed dams (SE, 2^nd column right panel) at postnatal (P)1 (A, B), P20 (C, D), and week (W)13 (E, F). Reduced glomerular numbers was shown in offspring from SE dams at birth (P1), early postnatal life (P20) and adulthood (W13). Mag. 20X. Closed arrows show mature and fully vascularized glomeruli and open arrows show underdeveloped glomeruli. Numbers of developed glomeruli are shown in the 3^rd column. n = 6–8. *p<0.05 and #p<0.01, maternal smoke exposure effect.</p

The effects of maternal smoke exposure on growth and development in offspring.

<p>Results are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 11–23.</p><p>*p<0.05.</p><p>SE: smoke exposed.</p

Expression of kidney injury markers in offspring mice at W13.

<p>Renal mRNA expression of pro-fibrotic marker fibronectin (A) and collagen IV (B) did not change between the offspring from SE dams and control dams due to maternal smoke exposure at week (W)13. Pro-inflammatory marker MCP-1 (C) mRNA expression in offspring from SE dams was significantly higher compare to offspring from control dams at W13. n = 4–6. *p<0.05, maternal smoke exposure effect.</p

Forward and reverse sequences of the primers for rt-PCR.

<p>Forward and reverse sequences of the primers for rt-PCR.</p

Glomeruli size in offspring of SE dams.

<p>Kidney PAS staining showing glomerular size in the offspring of Control (1^st column) and smoke exposed dams (SE, 2^nd column) at postnatal (P)1 (A, B), P20 (C, D) and week (W)13 (E, F). Enlarged glomeruli are shown in early postnatal life (P20) and reduced glomeruli size was shown at adulthood (W13) in offspring from SE dams. n = 3–4. *p<0.05 maternal smoke exposure effect.</p

The effects of smoking on female breeders.

<p>Results are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 20.</p><p><b>*</b>p<0.05,</p><p><b>**</b>p<0.01.</p><p>SE: smoke exposed.</p

The effects of maternal smoke exposure on renal function in offspring.

<p>Results are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 3–11.</p><p>*p<0.05.</p><p>SE: smoke exposed.</p