Metallic single-electron transistor without traditional tunnel barriers

We report on a new type of single-electron transistor (SET) comprising two highly resistive Cr thin-film strips (~ 1um long) connecting a 1 um-long Al island to two Al outer electrodes. These resistors replace small-area oxide tunnel junctions of traditional SETs. Our transistor with a total asymptotic resistance of 110 kOhm showed a very sharp Coulomb blockade and reproducible, deep and strictly e-periodic gate modulation in wide ranges of bias currents I and gate voltages V_g. In the Coulomb blockade region (|V| < 0.5 mV), we observed a strong suppression of the cotunneling current allowing appreciable modulation curves V-V_g to be measured at currents I as low as 100 fA. The noise figure of our SET was found to be similar to that of typical Al/AlOx/Al single-electron transistors.Comment: 5 pages incl. 4 fig

Noise in Al single electron transistors of stacked design

We have fabricated and examined several Al single electron transistors whose small islands were positioned on top of a counter electrode and hence did not come into contact with a dielectric substrate. The equivalent charge noise figure of all transistors turned out to be surprisingly low, (2.5 - 7)*10E-5 e/sqrt(Hz) at f = 10 Hz. Although the lowest detected noise originates mostly from fluctuations of background charge, the noise contribution of the tunnel junction conductances was, on occasion, found to be dominant.Comment: 4 pages of text with 1 table and 5 figure

Linguistic Diversity and Its Impact on Economic Policies and Political Decisions

The paper addresses the issue of linguistic diversity and its impact on economic policy and political decisions. Importance of the topic is illustrated by examination of optimal sets of official languages in the European Union. It is shown that alternative estimation methods of language disenfranchisement alter the order in which the languages enter the list of the official ones. Also, we present an overview of gametheoretic models of language acquisition, where individuals weigh costs and benefits of studying new languages. These models are used to predict actual distribution of language skills in a society and to compare it with the first-best outcome. The paper ends with estimation of our predictions on the basis of empirical analysis of European data.Game theory, linguistic models, communication benefits, costs of studying, official languages of the European Union, Nash equilibrium, public efficiency

Application of digital technologies to increase the economic efficiency of agribusiness in Russia

This paper identifies the problems of development of the agricultural sector at the present stage. The ways of increasing the efficiency of agribusiness based on the use of digital technologies are also proposed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the state of development of individual sectors of agriculture at the regional level before the use of digital technologies and afte

Разработка методов синтеза малатиона-D6, хлорофоса-D6 и дихлофоса-D6 для использования в качестве внутренних стандартов при анализе лекарственного растительного сырья и фитопрепаратов

Scientific relevance. Deuterated analogues of test substances, when used as internal standards, enable analysts to determine traces of residual pesticides in a medicinal plant raw material by gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. This prompts the search for an undemanding method for the synthesis of deuterated reference standards, with the ultimate goal of expanding the range of reference standards produced in Russia.Aim. The study aimed to synthesise deuterated reference standards (malathion-D6, chlorophos-D6, dichlorophos-D6, and their precursors) and determine their spectral characteristics using 1Н, 2Н, 13С and 31Р nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry.Materials and methods. The study involved methanol-D4, phosphorus pentasulfide, phosphorus trichloride, maleic acid diethyl ether, triethylamine, hydroquinone, and chloral hydrate. The authors recorded 1H, 2H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectra using a QONE AS400 NMR spectrometer operating at a temperature of 298 °K and respective frequencies of 399.83, 61.38, 100.55, and 161.85  MHz. Mass spectra were obtained using an analytical system comprising an Agilent Infinity 1260 liquid chromatograph equipped with an automatic sample injector and coupled with a Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Fusion Lumos high-resolution mass-selective tandem spectrometer operating in electrospray ionisation mode.Results. The authors used existing methods for the synthesis of organophosphate pesticides as a basis and developed synthesis routes to produce the deuterated analogues malathion-D6, chlorophos-D6, and dichlorophos-D6. The synthesised compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry.Conclusions. The synthesised compounds are highly pure and suitable for use as internal standards in the determination of organophosphate pesticides in medicinal plant raw materials. The synthesis methods developed by the authors can be used to produce reference standards in Russia.Актуальность. Использование дейтерированных аналогов исследуемых веществ в качестве внутренних стандартов позволяет определять остаточные пестициды в лекарственном растительном сырье в следовых количествах методами газовой и жидкостной хроматомасс-спектрометрии. Таким образом, становится актуален вопрос доступного синтеза дейтерированных стандартов для расширения готового банка стандартов отечественного производства.Цель. Синтез дейтерированных внутренних стандартов  — малатиона-D6, хлорофоса-D6 и дихлофоса-D6. Определение спектральных характеристик полученных соединений с помощью 1Н, 2Н, 13С и 31Р ЯМР-спектроскопии и масс-спектрометрии высокого разрешения.Материалы и методы. Использовали метанол-D4, фосфора пентасульфид, треххлористый фосфор, диэтиловый эфир малеиновой кислоты, триэтиламин, гидрохинон, хлоральгидрат. Спектры ЯМР 1Н, 2Н, 13С и 31Р записаны на ЯМР-спектрометре QONE AS400 при температуре 298 °К на частотах 399,83; 61,38; 100,55 и 161,85 МГц соответственно. Регистрация масс-спектров проведена на аналитической станции, состоящей из жидкостного хроматографа Agilent Infinity 1260, оборудованного системой автоматического ввода пробы, с масс-селективным тандемным анализатором высокого разрешения Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Fusion Lumos, в режиме электрораспылительной ионизации.Результаты. На основе разработанных ранее методик синтеза фосфорорганических пестицидов определены пути синтеза их дейтерированных аналогов малатиона-D6, хлорофоса-D6, дихлофоса-D6. Подлинность синтезированных соединений подтверждена методами ЯМР-спектроскопии и масс-спектрометрии высокого разрешения.Выводы. Полученные соединения характеризуются высокой чистотой и пригодны для использования в качестве внутренних стандартов при определении фосфорорганических пестицидов в лекарственном растительном сырье. Разработанные методики синтеза могут использоваться для получения отечественных стандартных образцов

Development of Methods for the Synthesis of Malathion-D₆, Chlorophos-D₆, and Dichlorophos-D₆ for Use as Internal Standards in the Analysis of Medicinal Plant Raw Materials and Herbal Medicinal Products

Scientific relevance. Deuterated analogues of test substances, when used as internal standards, enable analysts to determine traces of residual pesticides in a medicinal plant raw material by gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. This prompts the search for an undemanding method for the synthesis of deuterated reference standards, with the ultimate goal of expanding the range of reference standards produced in Russia.Aim. The study aimed to synthesise deuterated reference standards (malathion-D6, chlorophos-D6, dichlorophos-D6, and their precursors) and determine their spectral characteristics using 1Н, 2Н, 13С and 31Р nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry.Materials and methods. The study involved methanol-D4, phosphorus pentasulfide, phosphorus trichloride, maleic acid diethyl ether, triethylamine, hydroquinone, and chloral hydrate. The authors recorded 1H, 2H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectra using a QONE AS400 NMR spectrometer operating at a temperature of 298 °K and respective frequencies of 399.83, 61.38, 100.55, and 161.85  MHz. Mass spectra were obtained using an analytical system comprising an Agilent Infinity 1260 liquid chromatograph equipped with an automatic sample injector and coupled with a Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Fusion Lumos high-resolution mass-selective tandem spectrometer operating in electrospray ionisation mode.Results. The authors used existing methods for the synthesis of organophosphate pesticides as a basis and developed synthesis routes to produce the deuterated analogues malathion-D6, chlorophos-D6, and dichlorophos-D6. The synthesised compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry.Conclusions. The synthesised compounds are highly pure and suitable for use as internal standards in the determination of organophosphate pesticides in medicinal plant raw materials. The synthesis methods developed by the authors can be used to produce reference standards in Russia

Hydrodynamic model of the variation of the shape of the surface in treatment of a rotating cylinder with the electron beam

Translated from Russian (Fiz. Khim. Obrab. Mater. 1994 (1) p. 15-21)Available from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:9023.190(10404)T / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

DIAGNOSING THE NATURE OF MYOCARDIAL CHANGES IN ITS CORONARY LESION

In this scientific work we study of myocardial scintigraphy with the new russian radionuclide 99mTc-technetril to diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. We observed 98 patients (83 male) aged 55±5 years. Our data showed the correlation between exercise electrocardiography (bicycle exercise test) and disorders of myocardial perfusion (myocardial scintigraphy). It was demonstrated that exercise scintigraphy more informational in diagnostics lesion of ischemic heart disease in patients group with negative stress-tes