Complications of BCG vaccination: modification of the statistical procedure

There is no uniform method to conduct the epidemiological monitoring of BCG complications in the Russian Federation, Current indicators of BCG complications include the number of complication cases (cases registered within two years after vaccination) and the total number of the vaccinated children. Our aim is to discover a new indicator of BCG complications and to compare it with the indicators of the existing methods, The comparative analysis of new and existing methods of all complication cases (continuous sampling, n = 110) was conducted in the Irkutsk Region (Eastern Siberia) from 2005 to 2014, The calculating formula included the ratio of the number of children with complications vaccinated in the analyzed year to 100,000 children vaccinated in the same year, The new method shows the advantages over the existing methodological approaches, It demonstrates more adequate assessment, expressed in the highest approximation coefficient of trend model compared to the other methods, and stability of indicator over the years, The incidence of complications in the Irkutsk Region has a steady decreasing linear trend and a significant negative growth rate of the indicator (-17,9 %), The new method offers an adequate assessment and can be used as an epidemiological control system not only in the Russian Federation but in other high TB-burden countries with massive BCG vaccination of children

Synthesis and thermal behavior of Co/AlCe layered double hydroxide

Cerium-containing cobalt-aluminum layered double hydroxide was successfully synthesized via coprecipitation followed by hydrothermal treatment. Molar ratios of metal cations were predetermined as following: Co2+/(Al3+ + Ce3+) = 3 and Ce3+/(Al3+ + Ce3+) = 0.05. According to X-ray diffraction data, the obtained sample was well crystallized single-phase product with a hydrotalcite-like structure. The presence of cerium was confirmed by elemental analysis. The synthesized material consisted of hexagonal plate-like particles with an average size of 277 nm. The study of thermal behavior showed that the compound decomposed with the formation of oxides mixture, which is typical for layered double hydroxides. Its rehydration ability was expressed very weakly and the “memory effect” was observed only after heat treatment at a temperature not higher than 200 ◦

Viability of causative pathogen in patients with drug-sensitive and drug-resistant forms of respiratory tuberculosis

To predict outcomes of tuberculosis we investigated the viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in relation to drug resistance of strains and clinical manifestations of tuberculosis. During the study on solid Löwenstein - Jensen medium, we determined the speed, growth rate and drug resistance of MBT in 5945 cultures, isolated from the sputum of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis - residents of the Irkutsk region (2193 -from newly diagnosed patients, 3752 - from previously treated patients). The criterion of high viability of MBT was the growth rate of >100 colonies over 20 days; and low viability corresponded with the growth rate of 30 days. 2171 cultures (36.5 %) had high viability of MBT strains, 3021 (50.8 %) - low, and 753 (12.7 %) cultures had average degree of viability. A high degree of pathogen viability was more often determined in newly diagnosed patients with tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes (all patients with HIV-infection without antiretroviral therapy), fibrotic-cavernous and infiltrative tuberculosis. Among previously treated patients with tuberculosis the high viability of MBT was often determined in patients with fibrous-cavernous and infiltrative tuberculosis, and caseous pneumonia. Cultures from previously treated patients with tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes had low degree of viability. The number of drug-sensitive strains was 1992, drug-resistant ones - 3953, including 1430 strains with multidrug resistance. We have found that 37.5 % drug-resistant strains associated with a high degree of viability (multidrug resistance - 38.5 %), it's was more often than the drug-sensitive (35.4 %; p < 0.01)

HCV Infection in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Its Role of Genotypes in Clinical Outcomes of the Disease

Aim of the research. To study the epidemic manifestations of HCV infection in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in order to develop recommendations for improving the effectiveness and quality of treatment and prevention measures. Materials and methods. The paper uses materials from the official statistics of the Territorial Department of Rospotrebnadzor of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for 1994–2018, and data from the electronic register «Chronic viral hepatitis in the RS (Ya)» (2019). Molecular and biological studies of the genotype of the hepatitis C virus were performed jointly on the basis of the Federal state budgetary Institution «Central research Institute of epidemiology» of Rospotrebnadzor (2007–2011, n = 75). To assess the epidemiological situation, the rate of increase in morbidity is calculated on the basis of data equalized by the method of least squares. Statistical processing was performed using the SPSS 17 program. The critical significance level is assumed to be 0.05. Results. Thus, the study of long-term dynamics of the incidence of viral hepatitis shows that in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) a consistently high level of incidence of HCV with adverse trends in the development of the epidemic process remains. Analysis of the distribution of different variants of HCV genotypes allowed us to establish the prevalence of genotype 1b, which can determine the high frequency of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. The current situation in the Republic regarding the incidence of viral hepatitis requires detailed monitoring, improvement of epidemiological surveillance and introduction of modern treatment methods. It is also necessary to improve the quality of health education among the population of the Republic

COMPREHENSIVE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TUBERCULOSIS SITUATION AMONG THE DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS OF THE BURYATIA

Comprehensive epidemiological analysis of tuberculosis in the Republic of Buryatia (RB), including among different ethnicgroups (Russian, Buryat, Evenk) presents in the article. Assessment of the epidemiological situationfor 1994-2012 was examined on various parameters (incidence, prevalence and mortality). It was found that the epidemiological situation in RB in the last twenty years were characterized by high incidence of tuberculosis when compared with similar data for Russia as a whole (mean annual incidence 148,1 ± 6,90/0000 и 77.6 ± 2,10/0000 respectively). Among the various ethnic groups living in the RB, the most unfavorable epidemiological indicators identified for the Buryat population. "Safely" group of the population was Evenki. For each of the studied ethnic groups have been identified areas of tuberculosis risk, which had its own characteristics

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF M. TUBERCULOSIS GENOTYPES FROM BORDER DISTRICTS OF MONGOLIA AND BURYATIA

MIRU-VNTR genetic polymorphism of 156 strains of M. tuberculosis was studied. On the background of significant presence of Beijing genotype strains (44/57 (77,2 %)) we discovered prevalence of epidemically significant Beijing subtype MIT17 (29/44 (65,9 %)) in patients from Mongolia

Влияние гипербарической оксигенации на антистафилококковую активность крови при экспериментальной резекции печени

Objective: to study the impact of liver resection (LR) and a hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) session and their combination on blood antistaphylococcal activity. Material and methods. Experiments were carried out on 77 outbred albino rats (females) exposed to LR (15—20% of the liver weight) and HBO at 3 ata as a 50-min session once daily, which was used in the operated rats in the first 3 days after LR. Serum bactericidal activity against opportunistic (No. 1726) and pathogenic (No. 209) S.aureus strains and the ability of neutrophils and monocytes to absorb S.aureus 209 were studied. Results. restoring the serum bactericidal activity against S.aureus 1726, HBO used after LR enhances its activity against pathogenic S.aureus 209. By decreasing the inhibitory effect of LR on the ability of the liver to enrich blood with the neutrophils that actively phagocy-tize the staphylococcus, HBO eliminates the retention of the monocytes actively phagocytizing S.aureus 209 in the operated organ, by concurrently increasing the count of these cells in the arterial blood. HBO stimulates the rate of uptake of S.aureus 209 by neutrophils in the operated organism when the blood passes through the vessels of the portal system with the partial retention of these cells in the liver portion left after its resection. By selectively suppressing the humoral component of blood antistaphylococcal defense, HBO in healthy unoperated animals stimulates the ability of the liver to enrich the blood with the monocytes that actively phagocytize the staphylococcus. At the same time the rate of uptake of S.aureus 209 by neutrophils is stimulated by hyperoxia. Conclusion. HBO regulates blood antistaphylococcal activity changes in response to LR by exerting a selective effect on the bactericidal activity of the blood against the staphylococcus in rats. Key words: liver, resection, hyperoxia, bactericidal activity, blood, staphylococcus.Цель работы — изучение влияния резекции печени (РП), курса гипербарической оксигенации (ГБО) и их сочетания на антистафилококковую активность крови. Материал и методы. Опыты проведены на 77 белых беспородных крысах (самках), подвергнутых РП (15—20% массы органа) и ГБО в режиме 3 ата, 50 мин, 1 сеанс в сутки, которую у оперированных крыс применяли в первые трое суток после РП. Исследовали бактерицидность сыворотки по отношению к условно-патогенному (№1726) и патогенному (№209) штаммам S.aureus и способность нейтрофилов и моноцитов поглощать S.aureus 209. Результаты. Применение ГБО после РП, не восстанавливая бактерицидные свойства сыворотки крови в отношении S.aureus №1726, повышает ее активность в отношении патогенного S.aureus 209. Уменьшая ингибирующее влияние РП на способность печени обогащать кровь нейтрофилами, активно фагоцитирующими стафилококк, ГБО устраняет ретенцию в оперированном органе активно фагоцитирующих S.aureus 209 моноцитов, одновременно увеличивая количество этих клеток в артериальной крови. В условиях ГБО стимулируется интенсивность поглощения нейтрофилами оперированного организма S.aureus 209 при прохождении крови по сосудам портальной системы с частичной задержкой этих клеток в оставшейся после резекции части печени. У здоровых неоперированных животных ГБО, избирательно тормозя гуморальной звено антистафилокковой защиты в крови, стимулирует способность печени обогащать кровь моноцитами, активно фагоцитирующими стафилококк. Одновременно в условиях гипероксии стимулируется интенсивность поглощения нейтрофи-лами S.aureus 209. Заключение. ГБО регулирует изменения антистафилококковой активности крови в ответ на РП, оказывая избирательное влияние на бактерицидные свойства крови здорового организма к стафилококку. Ключевые слова: печень, резекция, гипероксия, бактерицидность, кровь, стафилококк

Effects of аntimicrobials on <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> biofilm formation

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most problematic pathogens in medical institutions, which may be due to the ability of this microorganism to exist in a biofilm, which increases its resistance to antimicrobials, as well as its prevalence and survival ability in the external environment. This work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa strains in planktonic and biofilm forms. We studied 20 strains of P. aeruginosa collected during 2018–2021 by specialists from the Laboratory of Microbiome and Microecology of the Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems. The identification of strains was carried out using test systems for differentiating gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria (NEFERMtest 24 Erba Lachema s.r.o., Czech Republic), and confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by the degree of inhibition of cell growth in planktonic and biofilm forms (on a flat-bottomed 96-well plastic immunological plate). All clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were biofilm formers, 47.6 % of the isolates were weak biofilm formers, and 52.4 % of the isolates were moderate biofilm formers. Planktonic cells and the forming biofilm of the tested P. aeruginosa strains were carbapenems-resistant. Biofilm formation was suppressed in more than 90 % of cases by the agents of the cephalosporin and aminoglycoside groups. Antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa strains in the formed biofilm was significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05). Carbapenems and cephalosporins did not affect the mature biofilms of the tested P. aeruginosa strains in more than 60 % of cases. Only non-beta-lactam antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and amikacin) suppressed the growth of planktonic cells and destroyed the mature biofilm. The revealed differences in the effect of the tested antimicrobials on the P. aeruginosa strains biofilms correlate with resistance to a number of antibiotics. To prevent biofilm formation in the hospital strains of P. aeruginosa, the use of ceftazidime may be recommended, and antimicrobials such as ciprofloxacin and amikacin may be used to affect mature biofilms of P. aeruginosa

PARENTERAL VIRAL HEPATITISES IN THE IRKUTSK REGION

From all group of infectious pathology viral hepatitises, from which the most priority are the parenteral hepatitises B and С, are essential for health of mankind, also the Irkutsk region isn’t an exception. The aim of the study: to assess an epidemiological situation in sharp and chronic forms of the viral hepatitises B and С in the territory of the Irkutsk region for the long-term period. Materials and methods. The retrospective analysis of an epidemiological situation on viral hepatitises B and C in Russia, Siberian Federal District and in the Irkutsk region for 2008–2016 is carried out. Results. The expressed decrease in incidence of acute viral hepatitis B is noted, at a chronic form of this disease rates of decrease had less expressed character that can be connected with carrying out by mass vaccinal prevention. The carried-out ranged distribution of territories for all forms of viral hepatitis B and viral hepatitis C in the Irkutsk region has allowed to reveal territories of risk. Conclusion. Parenteral viral hepatitises (sharp and chronic forms) are widespread in the territory of the Irkutsk region. From 43 administrative territories of the area, 24 belong to unsuccessful on incidences from which five are to territories of high epidemiological risk: cities of Irkutsk, Angarsk and Ust-Ilimsk and also Katangsky and Shelekhovsky districts