HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE OFFICERS' CONTRIBUTION TO PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SERBIAN CIVILIAN SCHOOLS FROM 1815 TO 1918

This historical review aimed to demonstrate the contribution of Serbian officers to physical education in civilian schools by examining their historical ties. We explored mutual relationships and proved their relevance and contribution by using a theoretical and critical approach, which emphasized the importance of initiation of physical education in city schools, teaching staff, and exercise programs. Physical education was essential in the education and upbringing of the officer cadre. After independence, Serbia was able to modernize and prosper economically, politically, athletically, and academically. Officers made immeasurable contributions to martial arts, equestrian societies, and shooting groups. Many officers who graduated from the Military Academy abroad and in Serbia performed various teaching duties in civilian schools from 1815-1918, proving that the officers influenced the development of the armies in which they served and made a significant contribution to the mass spread of physical education (gymnastics and military skills) by training youth in civilian schools or sports clubs in the Principality of Serbia and the Kingdom of Serbia. The knowledge acquired in this historical review will undoubtedly shed more light on the officers' contribution and work in Serbian civilian schools in physical education

THE DIFFERENCES IN THE ATTITUDES OF ELEMENTARY AND HIGH SCHOOL CHILDREN ON THE IMPORTANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOL SPORT

Abstract. The importance of, the need for and development of school sport over the past few years has been an important field of study by both professionals and research institutes alike in Serbia. This research represents only one of the many studies which were meant to offer certain answers. The sample of participants consisted of 329 schoolchildren, divided into two subsamples. The first subsample consisted of 176 elementary school children, while the other one consisted of 153 high school students, all from the Republic of Serbia. The data were collected using a questionnaire, consisting of twenty-four items – claims. The questionnaire was in the form of a five-point Likert scale. The responses were provided in the form of grades from 5 to 1. In order to process the data in this study we used the appropriate nonparametric statistics procedures: frequencies, percentages and the Mann – Whitney U test for determining the significance of the differences between the studied subsamples of schoolchildren. The analysis of the results indicated that there are significant differences in the case of individual claims between elementary and high schoolchildren, especially in terms of the development of school sport. It has also been determined that high school students had more positive attitudes, that is, had a more mature was of expressing themselves than the elementary school children

RELATIONS BETWEEN MAXIMAL ISOMETRIC STRENGTH AND COMPETITION PERFORMANCEAMONG YOUNG KAYAKERS

Introduction: The aim of this study is to determine if there are certain relations between maximal isometric strength and competition performance of young kayakers. Methods: This study was conducted with a sample of 25 male young kayakers from the kayak clubs of Serbia and Macedonia, aged 11 ± 1.5 years. Kayakers were divided into two separate groups, group of pioneers aged 11,36 (±1,54), and group of cadets aged 15(±1,58). Kayakers performed three isometric strength tests: hand grip, knee extensor, and lower back extensor. Testing was performed half an hour before the competition due to maximal performance, and more importantly test procedures did not have any negative effect on the final performance. Subjects were advised to produce maximal effort as fast as they can. Correlation analysis was used to process obtained results in STATISTICA 8 for Windows. Results: The overall analysis showed that there was a moderate correlation between all of maximal isometric strength test results and competition performance among pioneer kayakers, and there was no statistical significant correlation between all of maximal isometric strength test results and competition performance among cadet kayakers. Discussion and Conclusion: The general objective of this study was to highlight the importance of maximal isometric force production as the contributor of competition performance. But this data should be considered with caution, because the paddeling techniques and anticipation during the race are often the most important parameters of success. However, strength development should not be ignored while planning the training process

THE SEQUENCE OF PROCEDURES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FINE MOTOR COORDINATION THROUGH PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND MOVEMENT GAMES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

In order to successfully master the initial writing process that a child faces at school, it is necessary to develop fine motor coordination of the arm, hand and finger muscles. The aim of this paper is to provide the child with perceptual - motor activities, movement games as well as other physical activities that require precise movements and coordination between the two hands and arms and eyes to release the hand, hand and fingers, prepare the child for fine motor coordination and encourage initial writing. The sequence of procedures in the development of fine motor coordination as well as physical activities contributing to the development of: muscle tone, lateralization, movements of the hand and fingers, sensory observation, orientation in time and space, abilities and skills of ocular evaluation, feeling for rhythm and fine motor - visual guidance, willing control and coordination between the movement of the hand, hand and fingers, both hands and arms and eyes. The above physical activities and movement games can be used at all stages of educational work for expanding and determining children's motor skills within guided and free activities, movement games, morning physical exercise, outdoor and indoor playgrounds. Theoretical analysis of movement games and physical activities is an attempt to determine fine motor skills (preparation for initial writing) as a product-outcome, as a product of the mentioned organized activities that can provide them with specific and varied experiences, and help to develop motor and other abilities that will encourage children to write

Olympijské hry jako kulturní událost The Olympic Games as a cultural event

Olympijské hry se staly událostí zahrnující mnoho sportů, která zaměstnává nejen sportovce z různých zemí, ale také milióny diváků z celého světa. Z hlediska veřejného zájmu tedy převyšují jakoukoliv jinou sportovní nebo kulturní událost. Z iniciativy několika málo zemí a malého počtu sportovců se vyvinul historický fenomén dnešní civilizace, odehrávající se na určeném místě, s vlastními soutěžícími, nabídkou a pravidly. Olympijské hry vyjadřují ideologii různých národů na jediném místě, ideologii náboženství, zvyků, tradic, jazyků nebo obecně kultur. Probíhá při nich masová komunikace mezi soutěžícími a zbytkem celého světa. Sociální, vědecký, sportovně-technický a politický vývoj otevřel sportu jako sociálně-kulturnímu jevu široké obzory a sport se stal obecně prospěšným. Olympijských her se dnes účastní více než sto devadesát zemí. Sportovci a rozhodčí pocházejí z různých sociálních prostředí, což bylo v době, ve které hry vznikly, něco nepředstavitelného. Přesto je sociální komunikace mezi mladými lidmi celého světa v rámci této grandiózní události významným prvkem dnešních olympijských her. Můžeme při nich sledovat mistrovské sportovní výkony i setkávání mladých lidí bez ohledu na ideologii, rasu a náboženství. Právě to činí hry mimořádně krásnými a významnými. Autoři výzkumu se snažili podat podrobnější vysvětlení důležitých kulturních aspektů olympijských her a ukázat jejich sociální kontext. The Olympic Games have become a multi sport event, which entertains not only athletes from different countries, but a world wide audience numbering millions. They therefore exceed any other sports or cultural event when it comes to matters of public interest. Deriving from the initiative of a few countries and a small number of athletes, a historically significant phenomenon of the civilization of today has developed, each time with a designated location, its own competitors, propositions and rules. The Olympic Games represent the ideology of different peoples in one place, the ideology of religions, customs, traditions, languages, or cultures in general. They make mass communication between the contestants and the rest of the world possible. Social, scientific, sports-technical and political evolution has opened up great horizons for sport as a socio-cultural phenomenon, and it has become a common good. Over one hundred and ninety countries take part in the Olympic Games today. Athletes and judges come from various social settings, something which was unimaginable in the day and age from which the Games originate. Yet, what constitutes a landmark of today's Olympic Games is the social communication among the youth of the world within a grandiose event. There we can see athletic mastery and a coming together of young people without regard to ideology, race and religion. This is what makes the Games the most beautiful and most significant event. The authors of this research paper have tried to give a more detailed explanation of the most important cultural aspects of the Olympic Games and to describe their social context

ISTORIJSKI PRISTUP PROUČAVANJA ŽIVOTA I DELA SANITETSKOG REZERVNOG MAJORA DR ĐORĐA MIHAILOVIĆA

Dr Đorđe Mihailović (1892-1974) rodio se u 19, ali se njegov život odvijao u 20. veku. U rodnom Nišu završio je osnovnu školu i gimnaziju, a 1907. upisao studije medicine u Beču. Uoči Prvog balkanskog rata prekinuo je studiranje i prijavio se u dobrovoljce. Bio je raspoređen u Moravsku stalnu vojnu bolnicu Niš. U Prvom svetskom ratu bio je lekarski pomoćnik u istoj bolnici, pod upravom dr Vladimira Stanojevića. U sastavu ove bolnice učestvovao je u povlačenju i iskrcao se na Krf. Odlukom srpskog sanitetaa, Đorđe Mihailović je raspoređen da prati srpske vojnike na oporavak u Tunis. U bolnicama za srpske vojnike, pod francuskim rukovodstvom, radili su srpski lekari I medicinari. Đorđe Mihailović će u Tunisu provesti skoro tri godine. Posle rata, u Beču je završio medicinu, specijalizirao pedijatriju i anesteziologiju. Po povratku u Niš bio je lekar Moravske banovine, „Sokolskog društva NIŠ“ kao i u Blacu nakon II svetskog rata. Nosilac više odlikovanja, ostao je upamćen kao veliki narodni lekar i ktitor niškog zdravstva

DA LI UČENICI IZ RURALNIH SREDINA IMAJU POZITIVNE STAVOVE PREMA AKTIVNOSTIMA U PRIRODI?

The main goal of the present study was to explore if there are any differences in attitudes toward outdoor activities between students from urban and rural areas. Moreover, it was necessary to extract data regarding implementation of certain models of outdoor activities in order to evaluate which models are mostly carried out as extracurricular activities in nature in order to draw valuable conclusions for future practice. The results showed that there were no significant differences between students from urban and rural settings, except in students’ attitudes towards benefits of outdoor activities on proper growth and development in favor of students from rural areas. According to Cohen’s interpretation, a small to moderate effect (Cohen’s d=0.02-0.38) regarding living environment variations was present in the relevant items. Moreover, excursions were the most implemented extracurricular activity at schools, and regarding outdoor activities, outings and athletic cross country were the most dominant. However, outdoor activities like winter and summer outdoor activities, camping, cycling, hiking tours should be implemented in order to potentially improve students’ engagement in physical activity in natural environments. Future studies should be focused on exploring the effect of diverse natural environments, PE teachers’ and practitioners’ competencies, school curriculums, students and parents’ barriers towards outdoor physical activities. This multifactorial approach could probably provide causal relationship, which could clarify this issue.Osnovni cilj ove studije bio je da se istraži da li postoje razlike u stavovima prema aktivnostima u prirodi između učenika iz urbanih i ruralnih sredina. Takođe, bilo je potrebno izdvojiti podatke o implementaciji određenih modela aktivnosti u prirodi kako bi se uvidelo koji se modeli uglavnom sprovode kao vannastavne aktivnosti u prirodi, radi donošenja korisnih zaključaka za buduću praksu. Rezultati su pokazali da nema značajnih razlika između učenika iz urbanih i ruralnih sredina, osim u motivaciji učenika da se bave vannastavnim aktivnostima na otvorenom u korist učenika iz ruralnih sredina. Prema Cohenovom tumačenju, mali do umereni efekat (Cohen’s d=0,02-0,38) u pogledu životne sredine bio je prisutan u relevantnim stavkama. Štaviše, ekskurzije su za većinu učenika bile najčešće organizovana vannastavna aktivnost u školama, a kada su u pitanju aktivnosti u prirodi, najdominantniji su izleti i atletski kros. Međutim, aktivnosti u prirodi kao što su zimske i letnje aktivnosti na otvorenom, kampovanje, biciklizam, pešačke ture bi trebalo učestalije da se realizuju u cilju povećanog angažovanja učenika u fizičkoj aktivnosti u prirodnom okruženju. Buduće studije bi trbalo da budu fokusirane na istraživanje efekata različitih prirodnih okruženja, kompetencije nastavnika fizičkog vaspitanja i ostalih edukatora, školskih programa, barijera učenika i roditelja prema fizičkim aktivnostima u prirodi. Ovaj multifaktorski pristup bi verovatno mogao bliže da objasni uzročno-posledične veze, u cilju rasvetljavanja ovog problema

KOMPARATIVNA ANALIZA STAVOVA UČENIKA PREMA FIZIČKOM VASPITANJU I NJIHOVOG ANGAŽOVANJA U VANNASTAVNIM FIZIČKIM AKTIVNOSTIMA

The aim of this study was to answer to the basic question: Whether and to what extent the engagement of students in extracurricular sports activities has an impact on the general attitudes towards PE? The study included male (N = 150) and female (N = 152) students. According to the self-reported frequency of physical activity during the week, outside PE, respondents were divided into three independent groups: lightly physically active (1 – 2 times per week; N = 69), moderately physically active (3 – 4 times per week; N = 153), and very physically active (more than 5 times per week; N = 80). For the purposes of this research, PEAS was used, which consists of 43 items, followed by a five-point Likert-type scale (1-strongly disagree – 5-strongly agree). The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between three groups in attitudes towards PE, Satisfaction, Comfort, Activity, and Teacher χ2(2) = 19.89, 17.10, 20.22, 23.78, and 7.19, respectively. Furthermore, Cohen`s d was moderate for Attitudes towards PE, Satisfaction, Comfort, and Activity (.50, .46, .51, .56), and small for teacher (.26). The differences between lightly (1 – 2 times per week) and moderately (3 – 4 times per week), and lightly and very (more than 5 times per week) physically active groups were significant. In conclusion, we can state that the overall attitudes of the students included in this research are strongly positive. Furthermore, students who are more active in extracurricular sports activities had more positive attitudes towards physical education classes.Cilj ove studije bio je da pruži odgovor na osnovno pitanje: Da li i u kojoj meri angažovanje učenika u vannastavnim sportskim aktivnostima utiče na opšte stavove prema fizičkom vaspitanju? Studija je obuhvatila ispitanike muškog (N = 150) i ženskog (N = 152) pola. Prema učestalosti samoprijavljene fizičke aktivnosti, van nastave fizičkog vaspitanja, ispitanici su podeljeni u tri nezavisne grupe: slabo fizički aktivni (1 – 2 puta nedeljno; N = 69), umereno fizički aktivni (3 – 4 puta po sedmice; N = 153), i vrlo fizički aktivni (više od 5 puta nedeljno; N = 80). Za potrebe ovog istraživanja korišćen je upitnik “Skala odnosa prema fizičkom vaspitanju – PEAS”, koji se sastoji od 43 ajtema Likertovog tipa (1 - u  potpunosti se ne slažem – 5 - u potpunosti se slažem). Rezultati su pokazali da postoje statistički značajne razlike između tri grupe u stavovima prema fizičkom vaspitanju, zadovoljstvu, udobnosti, aktivnosti i nastavniku fizičkog vaspitanja χ2(2) = 19.89, 17.10, 20.22, 23.78 i 7.19. Vrednosti Cohen`s d (effect size) bio je umeren kod skale odnosa prema fizičkom vaspitanju, kao i subskalama zadovoljstva, udobnosti i aktivnosti (.50, .46, .51, .56), i mali kod subskale koja se odnosi na nastavnike fizičkog vaspitanja (.26). Razlike između slabo (1 – 2 times per week) i umereno (3 – 4 times per week) fizičke aktivne grupe su bile značajne kod skale odnosa prema fizičkom vaspitanju i kod subskala koje se odnose na zadovoljstvo, udobnost, aktivnost i nastavnike fizičkog vaspitanja U = 3505.50, z = -4, sig. (2-tailed) < .001, d = .56, U = 3704.50, z = -3.57, sig. (2-tailed) < .001, d = .49, U = 3518.50, z = -3.98, sig. (2-tailed) < .001, d = .55, U = 3307.50, z = -4.46, sig. (2-tailed) < .001, d = .63, U = 4184.50, z = -2.48, sig. (2-tailed) < .014, d =.  Razlike između slabo (1 – 2 times per week) i veoma (više od 5 puta nedeljno) fizički aktivne grupe su bile značajne kod skale odnosa prema fizičkom vaspitanju i kod subskala koje se odnose na zadovoljstvo, udobnost, aktivnost i nastavnike fizičkog vaspitanja U = 1719, z = -3.96, sig. (2-tailed) < .001, d = .69, U = 1767, z = -3.80, sig. (2-tailed) < .001, d = .65, U = 1698, z = -4.05, sig. (2-tailed) < .001, d = .70, U = 1650.50, z = -4.229, sig. (2-tailed) < .001, d = .74, U = 2158.50, z = -2.30, sig. (2-tailed) < .022, d = .38. U zaključku, možemo konstatovati da su stavovi studenata u ovom istraživanju veoma pozitivni. Štaviše, učenici koji su više fizički aktivni u vannastavnim sportskim aktivnostima su imali pozitivnije stavove prema nastavi fizičkog vaspitanja

SPORTSKA INDUSTRIJA I VRHUNSKA SPORTSKA OSTVARENJA

Sport represents a domain where various functions and effects can be manifested. The sports industry today is characterized by modern technology, especially in the sphere of manufacturing sports props and equipment, which significantly helps its development and progress. The sports industry today exists within the social-economic achievements and power of a society. In essence, it should adapt to the new living conditions, work conditions and the conditions in which business is being conducted. Today, it is necessary to invest more in the offer of the sports industry (athletes, results, equipment, equipment, facilities, diagnostics ...), in order to be more efficient in the form of the final product on the market. The industry must adapt to the conditions of the world market (supply and demand). That is why it is sometimes necessary to also expand the range of constituents in order to win a medal – achieve a top sports result. This article will analyze the phenomenon of the modern sports industry as a business model, its production and the realization of the necessary conditions for achieving top sports results and winning medals at big competitions. Naturally, without unity between numerous external and internal factors no top sports results can be achieved. The authors also deal with an analysis of the factors of the sports industry.Sport predstavlja poligon ispoljavanja raznovrsnih funkcija i efekata. Sportsku industriju danas karakteriše savremena tehnologija posebno u sveri izrade sportskih rekvizita i opreme, koja značajno pomaže rastu i napretku sportske industrije. Sportska industrija danas egzistira u okvirima društveno – ekonomskih dostignuća i moći jednog društva. U osnovi ona treba da se prilagođava novim uslovima života, rada i poslovanja.Neophodno je sve više ulagati u ponude (sportiste, rezultate, opremu, rekvizite, objekte, dijagnostiku), kako bi krajnji proizvod bio efikasnije plasiran na tržištu. Industrija se mora prilagođavati uslovima svetskog tržišta (ponude i potražnje). Stoga je nophodno nekada i proširiti činioce, da bi se osvojila medalja – postigao vrhunski rezultat. Rad obrađuje pojavu savremene sportske industrije kao modela biznisa, njene proizvode i ostvarivanje neophodnih uslova za postizanje vrhunskih sportskih rezultata i osvajanje medalja na velikim takmičenjima. Svakako, da bez jedinstva više spoljašnjih i unutrašnjih faktora nema vrhunskih rezultata. Autori se takođe bave i prikazom činioca sportske industrije

Differences and similarities between the symptoms and clinical signs in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumonia

Background/Aim. Tuberculosis in the second decade of the 21st century is an infectious disease with the highest mortality rate. In addition, in developed countries, pneumonia is the major couse of morbidity and mortality in adults. The aim of our study was to point out the differences and similarities between symptoms, laboratory parameters and clinical indicators in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and patients with pneumonia in the general population and in people belonging to the high risk groups for developing tuberculosis. Methods. This prospective study included patients with PTB (n = 70) and pneumonia (n = 75) treated at the Pulmonology Department of Clinical Hospital Center in Kosovska Mitrovica. Results. PTB was more frequent in men, 30–39 years of age (OR; 6:08), mainly from rural areas (p = 0.001), and with lower levels of education (p = 0.031). Pneumonia was more frequent in women older than 60 years of age (p = 0.0012). Night sweats (p = 0.001) and weight loss (p = 0.062) were significantly more frequent in patients with PTB, while chest pain (p = 0.001) and high temperature (p = 0.036) were more common in patients with pneumonia. X-ray changes in patients with PTB were located in the upper fields (p = 0.001), or appeared to be bilateral (p = 0.004). The strongest predictor associated with an increased risk of night sweats was diagnosed PTB (OR = 30.0). The chest pain was a predictor of pneumonia, unilateral changes (OR = 4.65) in the lower lung fields (OR = 0.08). Conclusion. Night sweats, weight loss and chest X-ray abnormalities in upper fields were significant indicators of PTB. Chest pain, fever and chest X-ray abnormalities in lower fields were significant indicators of pneumonia