Oscillatory combustion in rockets Semiannual report, 1 Jun. - 30 Nov. 1968

Vaporization of droplets near critical poin

Eminent Domain by Regulation: Developing a Unified Field Theory for the Regulatory Taking

The blurring of the lines between what constitutes public use for eminent domain and what is considered a proper public welfare objective of the police power means that government purpose can no longer be used to distinguish between the two powers. They have become functionally interchangeable. The Supreme Court\u27s recognition that the two powers are coterminus demands that they be treated not as separate entities, but as two points on a continuum which is the power of government . The tension between the traditional correlative view , which sees the two powers as very different , and the more recent approach, which openly admits that they are interchangeable, has produced what one writer characterized as doctrinal schizophrenia . That schizophrenia, coupled with the eagerness of some state and local governments to use the police power as a less expensive alternative to eminent domain, has, in turn, produced a judicial crisis: if government has exercised the police power for a condemnatory purpose, i.e., to extract a public use, then Fifth Amendment compensatory, not Fourteenth Amendment equitable, remedies are appropriate

Eminent Domain by Regulation: Developing a Unified Field Theory for the Regulatory Taking

The blurring of the lines between what constitutes public use for eminent domain and what is considered a proper public welfare objective of the police power means that government purpose can no longer be used to distinguish between the two powers. They have become functionally interchangeable. The Supreme Court\u27s recognition that the two powers are coterminus demands that they be treated not as separate entities, but as two points on a continuum which is the power of government . The tension between the traditional correlative view , which sees the two powers as very different , and the more recent approach, which openly admits that they are interchangeable, has produced what one writer characterized as doctrinal schizophrenia . That schizophrenia, coupled with the eagerness of some state and local governments to use the police power as a less expensive alternative to eminent domain, has, in turn, produced a judicial crisis: if government has exercised the police power for a condemnatory purpose, i.e., to extract a public use, then Fifth Amendment compensatory, not Fourteenth Amendment equitable, remedies are appropriate

The Free Negro in Illinois Prior to the Civil War, 1818-1860

Free Negroes embodied one of the great dilemmas in the ante-bellum history of the state of Illinois. Nominally a free state, Illinois endeavored mightily to suppress, exclude, and dispose of a class of people who were the ultimate result of the anti-slavery movement. While a majority of Illinoisans deemed the peculiar institution undesirable, they had no intention of accepting free Negroes as equal citizens. Free blacks were often regarded as dangerous and a menace to the well-being of the entire society. Yet, Illinois reconciled its apparently contradictory views on slavery and the free Negro to a remarkable degree. The reconciliation of the slavery and free Negro questions involved the use of a dual perception of blacks by whites. This dualism contained a theoretical and a practical plane as a modus vivendi, which allowed the citizens of Illinois to religiously support the United States Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, while simultaneously ignoring the documents\u27 implications regarding free persons of color. In this manner, free Negroes were unapologetically relegated to a subservient role in a racial caste system. Occasionally, the dichotomy was challenged. When this occurred, the theoretical and practical planes, normally split apart by a gulf of silence, were drawn together with disastrous consequences for the advocates of change. Among the victims of this phenomenon in Illinois were the American Colonization Society, the supporters of Article XIV in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, and the Negro Immigration Act of 1853. In addition, political catastrophe befell any office-seeker who attempted to exploit the attraction of the two planes for electioneering purposes. Clearly, discussions of altering the dichotomy were to be avoided at all costs. This suppression, however, could not be sustained. By their very presence in Illinois, free Negroes provided the most visible and lethal opposition to the modus vivendi. This was done neither by sheer numbers nor by economic or political strength. Rather, free men of color contradicted the traditional concepts of democracy and republicanism not only in pre-Civil War Illinois, but in the entire nation. Inevitably, the dilemma which existed between theory and practice would have to be resolved, either by reason or force

RNA polymerase mutants defective in the initiation of transcription-coupled DNA repair

The bacterial Mfd protein is a transcription-repair coupling factor that performs two key functions during transcription-coupled DNA repair. The first is to remove RNA polymerase (RNAP) complexes that have been stalled by a DNA lesion from the site of damage, and the second is to mediate the recruitment of DNA repair proteins. Mfd also displaces transcription complexes that have been stalled by protein roadblocks, and catalyses the reactivation of transcription complexes that have become ‘backtracked’. We have identified amino acid substitutions in the β subunit of Escherichia coli RNAP that disrupt a direct interaction between Mfd and RNAP. These substitutions prevent Mfd displacing stalled RNAP from DNA in vivo and in vitro. They define a highly conserved surface-exposed patch on the β1 domain of RNAP that is required by Mfd for the initial step of transcription-coupled repair, the enhancement of roadblock repression and the reactivation of backtracked transcription complexes

Length heterogeneity at conserved sequence block 2 in human mitochondrial DNA acts as a rheostat for RNA polymerase POLRMT activity

The guanine (G)-tract of conserved sequence block 2 (CSB 2) in human mitochondrial DNA can result in transcription termination due to formation of a hybrid G-quadruplex between the nascent RNA and the nontemplate DNA strand. This structure can then influence genome replication, stability and localization. Here we surveyed the frequency of variation in sequence identity and length at CSB 2 amongst human mitochondrial genomes and used in vitro transcription to assess the effects of this length heterogeneity on the activity of the mitochondrial RNA polymerase, POLRMT. In general, increased G-tract length correlated with increased termination levels. However, variation in the population favoured CSB 2 sequences which produced efficient termination while particularly weak or strong signals were avoided. For all variants examined, the 3′ end of the transcripts mapped to the same downstream sequences and were prevented from terminating by addition of the transcription factor TEFM. We propose that CSB 2 length heterogeneity allows variation in the efficiency of transcription termination without affecting the position of the products or the capacity for regulation by TEFM