State-of-the-art on the protection of FACTS compensated high-voltage transmission lines: a review

In recent years, the inclusion of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)-based compensating devices such as a thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and a unified power flow controller (UPFC) has been increased in high-voltage power transmission systems due to numerous technical and economical benefits. However, the operation of such FACTS devices introduces harmonics and non-linearity in power system and causes fast changes in line impedance. As a result, the most widely used fixed impedance setting based distance relaying scheme finds limitation in protecting such compensated lines. Significant research has been carried out in recent years to develop new algorithms and methods to address the problem. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent developments in the protection of TCSC/UPFC compensated high-voltage transmission lines. The relative merits and demerits of each of the available methods are also presented for comparison. Prior to detail review, the impact of TCSC/UPFC on distance protection is evaluated by using data generated through EMTDC/PSCAD on a 400 kV two-bus test power system. This study can be useful to both academic researchers and practicing engineers to gain insight on the protection of FACTS compensated transmission lines and for further development of newer algorithms

Management of impacted primary maxillary central incisor: A report

Impaction of primary tooth is a rare and unusual finding, particularly in the maxillary anterior segment. A variety of reasons are listed in literature for such condition. Here is a case report of impacted primary maxillary left central incisor in a 4-year-old child. The condition was diagnosed with the help of clinical examination, intraoral periapical radiograph, and cone-beam computed tomography. The tooth was surgically removed, and the patient was asked for periodic check-up

Prevalence and type of mesiodens among 3–14-year-old children in West Bengal: An institutional study

Introduction: Mesiodens is a supernumerary tooth which is most commonly located in between or palatal to the two maxillary central incisors. It is a developmental anomaly and can be single or multiple in number. The overall prevalence is reported between 0.09% and 2.05%. Materials and Methods: This is a longitudinal prospective study which was conducted in the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry of Dr. R Ahmed Dental College and Hospital of West Bengal among 6332 children between 3 and 14 years age group. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was done regarding position, morphology, malocclusion, and eruption status. Results: About 0.69% of prevalence was noted. Nearly 70.45% were found in mixed dentition, 27.27% were in permanent dentition, and 2.27% were in primary dentition. Regarding shape, 68.18% were conical, 25% were tuberculate, and 6.81% were supplemental. Regarding position, 52.27% mesiodens were found to be present palatal to maxillary dental arch, 38.63% were found on the arch, and 9.09% were found buccal to the maxillary dental arch. Malocclusion was also evaluated. Moreover, a male predominance regarding the occurrence of mesiodens was also noted. Conclusion: The present study not only depicts the prevalence of mesiodens among 3–14-year-old children in West Bengal but also it aimed to give an insight regarding their form, number, position, and axis of orientation. It also aimed to evaluate the presence of malocclusion due to mesiodens if any so that planning of treatment can be done accordingly and more effectively

Clinical Study of 'Triphala' – A Well Known Phytomedicine from India

Triphala' is an age old commonly used Ayurvedic powdered preparation in Indian systems of medicine. This well known formulation is made by combining Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belarica and Emblica officinalis, in equal proportions based on the observation of Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). The formulation is prescribed in the first line treatment of many aliments and is used as laxative, detoxifying agent and rejuvenator. To establish its clinical validity the present work was undertaken to evaluate its therapeutic potentials and adverse effects. The Triphala formulation was standardized by HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography), using Gallic acid as a marker and was subjected to clinical studies. After proper screening 160 patients of age between 16–52 years were selected for 45 days clinical study. The effectiveness of trial drugs were judged on the basis of the subjective and objective parameters. It was observed that the amount, frequency and consistency of stool were improved in Triphala treated group. The changes of odor, mucous, flatulence, belching and abdominal pain where also taken into account. The well being was assessed on the basis of the parameters like concentration, appetite, thirst, sleep, hyperacidity in arbitrary scoring system. Triphala was found to have good laxative property, help in management of hyperacidity and also improve appetite. No adverse effect was observed in the treated group when compared to normal patients. Triphala can be used effectively in the treatment of constipation and other gastric problems