Micropropagation And Antimicrobial Activity Of Callicarpa Macrophylla (Priyangu) Against Medically Important Pathogens

Callicarpa macrophylla (Priyangu) a medicinally important plant, represents a class of herbal drug with very strong conceptual and traditional base. In present study extract of leaf, stem showed less antimicrobial activity than seed. They showed antimicrobial activity against three bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas and three fungal Strains Aspergillus fumigatous, Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus awamori. Maximum activity was observed in ethanol extract of leaf and stem, Methanol extracts of seed. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract revealed the presence of phenol, reducing sugar, coumarin and saponins.  Micropropogation of C.macrophylla was done using stem as a explant material on MS and Woody media. Which revealed that woody media containing BAP (6-amino benzyl purine) NAA(α-napthaleneacetic acid) gave maximum proliferation  response in comparison to MS media. Plant extract (leave, stem and seed) have provide protection against RBC haemolysis and protein denaturation may act as anti-arthritic agent. We propose antiarthritic and antimicrobial activity of C.macrophylla

Nano-biochar: recent progress, challenges, and opportunities for sustainable environmental remediation

Biochar is a carbonaceous by-product of lignocellulosic biomass developed by various thermochemical processes. Biochar can be transformed into “nano-biochar” by size reduction to nano-meters level. Nano-biochar presents remarkable physico-chemical behavior in comparison to macro-biochar including; higher stability, unique nanostructure, higher catalytic ability, larger specific surface area, higher porosity, improved surface functionality, and surface active sites. Nano-biochar efficiently regulates the transport and absorption of vital micro-and macro-nutrients, in addition to toxic contaminants (heavy metals, pesticides, antibiotics). However an extensive understanding of the recent nano-biochar studies is essential for large scale implementations, including development, physico-chemical properties and targeted use. Nano-biochar toxicity on different organisms and its in-direct effect on humans is an important issue of concern and needs to be extensively evaluated for large scale applications. This review provides a detailed insight on nanobiochar research for (1) development methodologies, (2) compositions and properties, (3) characterization methods, (4) potentiality as emerging sorbent, photocatalyst, enzyme carrier for environmental application, and (5) environmental concerns

A Perspective Review on Green Nanotechnology in Agro-Ecosystems: Opportunities for Sustainable Agricultural Practices & Environmental Remediation

The modern agricultural system is facing the unprecedented task of contriving the extensive demand for agrarian production owing to population explosion and global climate change. The employment of Nanotechnology in agriculture has gained immense interest in recent times for the development of sustainable agricultural technologies and environmental remediation strategies. Nanotechnology pertains to the employment of nanoparticles and furnishes the potential to fabricate novel materials and products possessing improved quality. The nanomaterials may be used as; nanosensors, nanocides, nanofertilizers, nanobarcodes, and nano-remediators, which play a significant role in modern agricultural practices. However, the physical and chemical processes of nanoparticle production is neither economical nor environmentally sustainable. Therefore, the need for green or biogenic nanoparticles obtained from plants, bacteria, fungi or their metabolites has emerged as novel, sustainable, economical, biocompatible, and eco-friendly technology. In this perspective, the production and sources of biogenic nanoparticles and their implication in agro-ecosystems for crop productivity, soil health management, biocontrol, and environmental remediation have been focused on in this review. The potential development and implementation challenges are also explored.O

Rhizospheric bacteria: the key to sustainable heavy metal detoxification strategies

The increasing rate of industrialization, anthropogenic, and geological activities have expedited the release of heavy metals (HMs) at higher concentration in environment. HM contamination resulting due to its persistent nature, injudicious use poses a potential threat by causing metal toxicities in humans and animals as well as severe damage to aquatic organisms. Bioremediation is an emerging and reliable solution for mitigation of these contaminants using rhizospheric microorganisms in an environmentally safe manner. The strategies are based on exploiting microbial metabolism and various approaches developed by plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) to minimize the toxicity concentration of HM at optimum levels for the environmental clean-up. Rhizospheric bacteria are employed for significant growth of plants in soil contaminated with HM. Exploitation of bacteria possessing plant-beneficial traits as well as metal detoxifying property is an economical and promising approach for bioremediation of HM. Microbial cells exhibit different mechanisms of HM resistance such as active transport, extra cellular barrier, extracellular and intracellular sequestration, and reduction of HM. Tolerance of HM in microorganisms may be chromosomal or plasmid originated. Proteins such as MerT and MerA of mer operon and czcCBA, ArsR, ArsA, ArsD, ArsB, and ArsC genes are responsible for metal detoxification in bacterial cell. This review gives insights about the potential of rhizospheric bacteria in HM removal from various polluted areas. In addition, it also gives deep insights about different mechanism of action expressed by microorganisms for HM detoxification. The dual-purpose use of biological agent as plant growth enhancement and remediation of HM contaminated site is the most significant future prospect of this article

Illumina based high throughput analysis of microbial diversity of maize rhizosphere treated with nanocompounds and Bacillus sp.

Not AvailableSoil microorganisms play a crucial role in the maintenance of the ecosystem. Their diverse enzymatic machinery facilitates the biogeochemical cycling of essential macro/micronutrients. Over the past two decades, significant amount of research has been carried out on the application of nanocompounds in agricultural practices. Some reports support the role of nanocompounds in enhancing crop productivity by providing essential nutrients to plants or by exhibiting antimicrobial activities against different phytopathogens. Meagre information is available on long term impact of agriusable nanocompounds along with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on mi crobial population of an agriculture field. In this study, attempts have been made to analyse the impact of nanozeolite and nanochitosan (50 mg L− 1 ) along with a bioinoculant (Bacillus sp.) on the bacterial community of maize rhizosphere under field condition. Total bacterial counts, activities of soil health indicator enzymes and total microbial diversity of the experimental maize rhizosphere were assessed using Illumina based high throughput sequencing after 60 days of the experiment. Obtained results indicated higher bacterial diversity in the treated soil than the control which corresponded to increased number of Operational Taxanomic Units (OTUs). Combined treatment of bioinoculant and nanocompounds showed two fold increase in FDA (Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis), dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity than the control. Presence of dominant bacterial genera viz. Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi were observed in treated soil sample. Combined treatment of Bacillus sp. and nanocompounds had a strong influence on the composition of rhizospheric microbiota, diversity and richness. We propose that the application of nanocompounds along with a potential bioinoculant is beneficial for the survival of rhizospheric bacterial population and soil health.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn the present study effect of TiO 2 nanoparticles was tested on six plant growth promotory rhizobacteria (HS2, HS10. HS12, HS11, HM4 and HR11) recovered from soyabean and maize rhizosphere. HM4 showed highest IAA (56.31 μg/ml) production and HR11 showed highest siderophore (56%) production. All the isolates showed maximum growth at 50 ppm TiO 2 in nutrient broth , HS10 and HS12 showed best growth. Effect of TiO 2 nanoparticles was evaluated on plant vigour of maize treated with selected plant growth promotory bacteria. Bacterial treatment showed enhanced shoot germination, plant height and leaf area over control in the presence of TiO 2 nanoparticles. Average total chlorophyll in maize plant was also maximum (5.04 µg/g) in the presence of TiO 2 nanoparticle. Performance of HS12 was best among all treatments. After 45 days of pot experiment, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (57.91µg/ml), dehydrogenase (38.10µg/ml) and alkaline phosphatase (207.16 µg/ml) was reported in the presence of nanoparticles and bacterial cultures. HM4 and HS12 treatment in the presence of 10 ppm TiO 2 enhanced enzyme activities.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableMicrobial diversity is a very crucial component for the soil health maintenance. The present study investigatedthe effects of nanozeolite on bacterial diversity of soil from the agriculturalfield which was under 4-yearfieldtrial with wheat crop. Nanozeolite was amended in the treated plot whereas, the control plot did not receive anytreatment. The bacterial population was targeted through the hypervariable (V3) region, which is a part of16SrDNA. The 16SrDNA region is a conserved region among the bacterial species, but to investigate the diversityamong the same species the hypervariable region are the best suited sequences. More than 1 million reads pertreatment revealed very high levels of diversity. The majority of the sequences were attribute to theProteobacteria (about 23–25%), 15% and 30–35%fitted into Actinobacteria and unknown phylum, respectively.Significant higher abundances of bacterial species with NZ treatment encompassed the population associatedwith nutrient cycling, residue decomposition and xenobiosis. The alpha diversity index also indicated betterdiversity and evenness within the treated soil than untreated soil. Ourfindings support the importance of na-nozeolite for better survival of soil microorganisms especially bacteria.1. IntroductionMicrobial community in soil is very diverse where the maximumpercent is covered by prokaryotic populations. Just 1 g of soil housesabout 10 billion microorganisms and thousands of different types ofspecies (Knietch et al., 2003). Soil microbial activity has the capacity toreverse the deteriorating soil properties, since it participates in themajor biogeochemical cycling. Therefore, soil microbial diversity is themain focus for the sustainable agricultural practices in long term(Brown et al., 2002; FAO, 2012). Global adoption of soil conservationpractices in agriculture is necessary to reverse soil degradation, and tomaintain soil fertility and soil biodiversity. Zeolites are naturally oc-curring crystalline aluminum silicates which assist in water infiltrationand retention in soil due to its porous property and the suction exertedby it. It can retain nutrients and hence supposed to improve crop yield(Prasad et al., 2014). The bulk size of nanozeolite limits some extra-ordinary properties which are shown by their nanosized (0–100 nm)counterparts. The nanozeolite has higher cation exchange capacity,surface area, ion adsorption and complexation etc. (Mukhopadhyay,2014).The traditional techniques allow cultivation of about less than 1 %of total microbial population which limits the study based on it (Schlossand Handelsman, 2003). The limitation of cultivable techniques can bedelineated through the application of metagenomic approaches whichcan be applied to study a range of soil environments (Rajendhran J,Gunasekaran, 2008; Handelsman, 1998). The present study in-vestigated the effect of nanozeolite on bacterial population of agri-culturefield through 16SrDNA targeted soil metagenome sequencing.Further research can be done to understand the effect of nanozeolite onthe microbial communities under different conditions, especially fordifferent soil types.2. Materials and methods2.1. Details of study areaThe study was performed in afield experiment on wheat system,established in the winters of 2014–2015 at Norman E. Borlogue Crophttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101249Received 14 June 2019; Received in revised form 10 July 2019; Accepted 13 July 2019*Corresponding author. ICAR- Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, india.E-mail address:[email protected](P. Khati).Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 20 (2019) 101249Available online 15 July 20191878-8181/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.TNot Availabl

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Not AvailableExploring cold habitats offers untapped sites for screening and harnessing potential/novel psychrotrophic microbes bestowed with the characteristic to grow near 0 C and optima lying in mesophilic range. These microbes are of great commercial importance and find multiple uses in different areas such as industries, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture as they are potential producers of enzymes, peptides, biodetergents, antibiotics and acquire multiple plant growth-promoting traits. Utility of such cold-active microbial strains is of immense need for high altitude agroecosystems due to the unique climatic conditions. Hence, it is crucial to identify, characterize, and conserve these beneficial microbes that maintain their functional properties under cold temperature conditions. This chapter is likely to provide some more insights into the recent developments associated with improvement and large-scale production of psychrotolerant microbes as well as scaling up for commercial production.Not Availabl

Bioremediation of Petrol Engine Oil Polluted Soil Using Microbial Consortium and Wheat Crop

Contamination of soil / water resources by petroleum products poses severe threats to underground water and soil quality. In the present study biosurfactant producing bacterial cultures were used to degrade petrol engine oil under in situ conditions in the plant rhizosphere system. Two bacterial isolates used in this study were recovered from Haldia oil refinery site & petrol station of Pantnagar and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (JX100389) and P. plecoglossicida (JX149549). Application of consortium C2, (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. plecoglossicida) degraded 56.14 % petrol engine oil @ 2% in the soil planted with wheat (Triticum aestivum var. 2565) crop after 120 days. GC-MS of biodegraded fuel showed the presence of new product like octanoic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester and 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid