7 research outputs found
Tebipenem, a New Carbapenem Antibiotic, Is a Slow Substrate That Inhibits the β‑Lactamase from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>
The
genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains a gene, <i>blaC</i>, which encodes a highly active
β-lactamase (BlaC). We have previously shown that BlaC has an
extremely broad spectrum of activity against penicillins and cephalosporins
but weak activity against newer carbapenems. We have shown that carbapenems
such as meropenem, doripenem, and ertapenem react with the enzyme
to form enzyme–drug covalent complexes that are hydrolyzed
extremely slowly. In the current study, we have determined apparent <i>K</i><sub>m</sub> and <i>k</i><sub>cat</sub> values
of 0.8 μM and 0.03 min<sup>–1</sup>, respectively, for
tebipenem, a novel carbapenem whose prodrug form, the pivalyl ester,
is orally available. Tebipenem exhibits slow tight-binding inhibition
at low micromolar concentrations versus the chromogenic substrate
nitrocefin. FT-ICR mass spectrometry demonstrated that the tebipenem
acyl–enzyme complex remains stable for greater than 90 min
and exists as mixture of the covalently bound drug and the bound retro-aldol
cleavage product. We have also determined the high-resolution crystal
structures of the BlaC–tebipenem covalent acylated adduct (1.9
Å) with wild-type BlaC and the BlaC–tebipenem Michaelis–Menten
complex (1.75 Ă…) with the K73A BlaC variant. These structures
are compared to each other and to other carbapenem–BlaC structures
Understanding the basis of thermostability for enzyme “Nanoluc” towards designing industry-competent engineered variants
As a leading contender in the study of luminescence, nanoluciferase has recently attracted attention and proven effective in a wide variety of research areas. Although numerous attempts have been made to improve activity, there has yet to be a thorough exploration of further possibilities to improve thermostability. In this study, protein engineering in tandem with molecular dynamics simulation at various temperatures (300 K, 400 K, 450 K and 500 K) was used to improve our understanding of nanoluciferase dynamics and identification of factors that could significantly enhance the thermostability. Based on these, three novel mutations have been narrowed down, which were hypothesised to improve thermostability. Root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation studies confirmed higher stability of mutant at high temperature. Solvent-accessible surface area and protein unfolding studies revealed a decreased tendency of mutant to unfold at higher temperatures. Further free energy landscape and principal component analysis was adapted to get deeper insights into the thermodynamic and structural behavior of these proteins at elevated temperature. Thus, this study provides a deeper insight into the dynamic factors for thermostability and introduces a novel, enhanced nanoluciferase candidate with potential use in industry. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma</p
NXL104 Irreversibly Inhibits the β-Lactamase from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>
NXL104 is a novel β-lactamase inhibitor with a
non-lactam
structural scaffold. Our kinetic and mass spectrometric analysis demonstrates
that NXL104 quantitatively inhibits BlaC, the only chromosomally encoded
β-lactamase from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, by forming a carbamyl adduct with the enzyme. The inhibition efficiency
(<i>k</i><sub>2</sub>/<i>K</i>) of NXL104 was
shown to be more than 100-fold lower than that of clavulanate, a classical
β-lactamase inhibitor, which is probably caused by the bulky
rings of NXL104. However, the decarbamylation rate constant (<i>k</i><sub>3</sub>) was determined to be close to zero. The BlaC–NXL104
adduct remained stable for at least 48 h, while the hydrolysis of
the BlaC–clavulanate adduct was observed after 2 days. The
three-dimensional crystal structure of the BlaC–-NXL104 carbamyl
adduct was determined at a resolution of 2.3 Ă…. Interestingly,
the sulfate group of NXL104 occupies the position of a phosphate ion
in the structure of the BlaC–clavulanate adduct and is hydrogen
bonded to residues Ser128, Thr237, and Thr239. Favorable interactions
are also seen in the electrostatic potential map. We propose that
these additional interactions, as well as the intrinsic stability
of the carbamyl linkage, contribute to the extraordinary stability
of the BlaC–NXL104 adduct
Structural, Kinetic and Chemical Mechanism of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase‑1 from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>
<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) is the leading cause of death due to a bacterial infection.
The success of the Mtb pathogen has largely been attributed to the
nonreplicating, persistence phase of the life cycle, for which the
glyoxylate shunt is required. In <i>Escherichia coli</i>, flux through the shunt is controlled by regulation of isocitrate
dehydrogenase (ICDH). In Mtb, the mechanism of regulation is unknown,
and currently, there is no mechanistic or structural information about
ICDH. We optimized expression and purification to a yield sufficiently
high to perform the first detailed kinetic and structural studies
of Mtb ICDH-1. A large solvent kinetic isotope effect [<sup>D<sub>2</sub>O</sup><i>V</i> = 3.0 ± 0.2, and <sup>D<sub>2</sub>O</sup>(<i>V</i>/<i>K</i><sub>isocitrate</sub>) = 1.5 ± 0.3] and a smaller primary kinetic isotope effect
[<sup>D</sup><i>V</i> = 1.3 ± 0.1, and <sup>D</sup>(<i>V</i>/<i>K</i><sub>[2<i>R</i>‑<sup>2</sup>H]isocitrate</sub>) = 1.5 ± 0.2] allowed us to perform
the first multiple kinetic isotope effect studies on any ICDH and
suggest a chemical mechanism. In this mechanism, protonation of the
enolate to form product α-ketoglutarate is the rate-limiting
step. We report the first structure of Mtb ICDH-1 to 2.18 Ă… by
X-ray crystallography with NADPH and Mn<sup>2+</sup> bound. It is
a homodimer in which each subunit has a Rossmann fold, and a common
top domain of interlocking β sheets. Mtb ICDH-1 is most structurally
similar to the R132H mutant human ICDH found in glioblastomas. Similar
to human R132H ICDH, Mtb ICDH-1 also catalyzes the formation of α-hydroxyglutarate.
Our data suggest that regulation of Mtb ICDH-1 is novel
Structure of MurNAc 6‑Phosphate Hydrolase (MurQ) from <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> with a Bound Inhibitor
The
breakdown and recycling of peptidoglycan, an essential polymeric cell
structure, occur in a number of bacterial species. A key enzyme in
the recycling pathway of one of the components of the peptidoglycan
layer, <i>N</i>-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc), is MurNAc 6-phosphate
hydrolase (MurQ). This enzyme catalyzes the cofactor-independent cleavage
of a relatively nonlabile ether bond and presents an interesting target
for mechanistic studies. Open chain product and substrate analogues
were synthesized and tested as competitive inhibitors (<i>K</i><sub>is</sub> values of 1.1 ± 0.3 and 0.23 ± 0.02 mM, respectively)
of the MurNAc 6P hydrolase from <i>Escherichia coli</i> (MurQ-EC).
To identify the roles of active site residues that are important for
catalysis, the substrate analogue was cocrystallized with the MurNAc
6P hydrolase from <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (MurQ-HI)
that was amenable to crystallographic studies. The cocrystal structure
of MurQ-HI with the substrate analogue showed that Glu89 was located
in the proximity of both the C2 atom and the oxygen at the C3 position
of the bound inhibitor and that no other potential acid/base residue
that could act as an active site acid/base was located in the vicinity.
The conserved residues Glu120 and Lys239 were found within hydrogen
bonding distance of the C5 hydroxyl group and C6 phosphate group,
suggesting that they play a role in substrate binding and ring opening.
Combining these results with previous biochemical data, we propose
a one-base mechanism of action in which Glu89 functions to both deprotonate
at the C2 position and assist in the departure of the lactyl ether
at the C3 position. This same residue would serve to deprotonate the
incoming water and reprotonate the enolate in the second half of the
catalytic cycle
In Silico Designing of an Industrially Sustainable Carbonic Anhydrase Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Carbonic
anhydrase (CA) is a family of metalloenzymes that has
the potential to sequestrate carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) from
the environment and reduce pollution. The goal of this study is to
apply protein engineering to develop a modified CA enzyme that has
both higher stability and activity and hence could be used for industrial
purposes. In the current study, we have developed an in silico method
to understand the molecular basis behind the stability of CA. We have
performed comparative molecular dynamics simulation of two homologous
α-CA, one of thermophilic origin (<i>Sulfurihydrogenibium</i> sp.) and its mesophilic counterpart (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), for 100 ns each at 300, 350, 400, and 500 K. Comparing the trajectories
of two proteins using different stability-determining factors, we
have designed a highly thermostable version of mesophilic α-CA
by introducing three mutations (S44R, S139E, and K168R). The designed
mutant α-CA maintains conformational stability at high temperatures.
This study shows the potential to develop industrially stable variants
of enzymes while maintaining high activity
Single Cell Oil from Oleaginous Yeast Grown on Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived Xylose: An Approach toward Novel Biolubricant for Low Friction and Wear
Yeast lipid as single
cell oil (SCO) is evaluated as an alternative
renewable source of vegetable oils for a biolubricant formulation.
The <i>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa</i> IIPL32 yeast strain
is cultivated on lignocellulosic pentosans derived from sugarcane
bagasse to produce the SCO. The chemical composition and distribution
of variable fatty acids in the yeast SCO are characterized by NMR,
FTIR, and GC Ă— GC analyses. The high viscosity index and a low
pour point of yeast SCO owing to the favorable composition of saturated
and unsaturated fatty acids promise its potential as a renewable and
environmentally friendly lube base oil. The yeast SCO as lube base
oil significantly reduced the coefficient of friction (72%) and wear
(24%) compared to those of conventional mineral lube base oil (SN
150). The fatty acids in the yeast SCO formed a good quality tribo-chemical
thin film on the engineering surfaces, which not only reduced the
friction but also protected the contact interfaces against wear. This
study demonstrates that yeast SCO being renewable, biodegradable,
and nontoxic, provides favorable physicochemical and tribophysical
properties for good quality lubricant formulation and it can be a
good alternative to the conventional mineral lube oil-based lubricants