Miniaturized Circularly Polarized Stacked Patch Antenna on Reactive Impedance Surface for Dual-Band ISM and WiMAX Applications

This paper proposes a compact microstrip patch antenna for operating in 2.4 GHz ISM and 3.5 GHz WiMAX bands with circularly polarized (CP) radiation. The CP radiation in dual-bands is a result of two multilayered truncated corner stacked square patches, while the reactive impedance surface (RIS) is used for antenna size miniaturization for the lower operating frequency band. Since the overall lateral antenna dimensions are controlled by the lower frequency band (higher wavelength), reducing the electrical size of the antenna for lower band results in overall smaller antenna dimensions. The measured 3-dB axial ratio bandwidths of the inhouse fabricated antenna prototype are 6.1% (2.40-2.55 GHz) for the lower band and 5.7% (3.40-3.60 GHz) for the upper band, while the 10-dB 11 bandwidths for the two bands are 8.1% (2.39-2.59 GHz) and 6.9% (3.38-3.62 GHz), respectively. The maximum gain at boresight for the lower band is 2.93 dBic at 2.5 GHz, while the gain for the upper band is 6.26 dBic at 3.52 GHz. The overall volume of the proposed antenna is 0.292 o × 0.292 o × 0.044 o , where o is the corresponding free-space wavelength at 2.5 GHz

Development and validation of a stability indicating RP-HPLC method for determination of flucytosine and its process related impurities in injectable pharmaceuticals

A simple, sensitive reproducible and cost effective reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) method coupled with a photodiode array detector was developed and validated for determination of Flucytosine and its related substances in pharmaceutical dosage forms, especially for injectable solution. The separation was achieved from octadecylsilyl silica gel, C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5) column with a mobile phase consisting of HPLC grade Water and Methanol (95:5) at a flow rate of 1ml/min with UV detection at 260 nm at 30 C column temperature. Total run time was 10 min within which main compound and other known (Fluorouracil) and unknown impurities were separated. Stability indicating capability was established by force degradation experiments and separation of known degradation products. This chromatographic method was optimized using the samples generated from forced degradation studies and the impurity spiked solution. Good resolution between the peaks corresponds to process-related impurities and degradation products from the analyte were achieved. The method was validated for Accuracy, Repeatability, Reproducibility and Robustness, Linearity, LOQ and LOD were established for Flucytosine and its impurities in a single RPHPLC method. Therefore, this method can be used as a more convenient and efficient option for the analysis of Flucytosine assay and its related substances in injectable pharmaceutical dosage form to establish the quality of the drug product during routine analysis with consistent and reproducible results

IN-VIVO CHARACTERIZATION OF TOTAL PROTEIN, ALBUMIN CONTENT, LIPID PROFILE AND ENZYMATIC PROPERTY OF BALAJIRAKADI KVATHA CURNA (BLJ) IN ALBINO RAT PLASMA

The study was devised to evaluate the effect of total protein, albumin content, enzymatic property and lipid profile in rats plasma after chronic administration of Balajirakadi Kvatha Curna (BLJ), a classical Ayurvedic preparation that is widely used in cough. The drug was administered per oral route at a dose of 40 ml/kg of the body weight for 45 consecutive days. Eight-week old albino rats (Rattus novergicus : Sprague - Dawley strain,) of both sexes, bred and maintained at the Animal House of the Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University were used for the experiment. All experiments on rats were carried out in absolute compliance with the ethical guide for care and use of laboratory animals. After the administration of BLJ preparation for a period of 45 days, the following biochemical parameters (protein, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL, sGPT sGOT and ALP) in the plasma of both the male and female rats were determined. An increased level of Total protein, the Albumin content and triglyceride in the plasma found in the both male and female rats, none of these changes were significantly different from their corresponding control values but noticeable. On the contrary in both female and male rats the decreased level in the total Cholesterol, VLDL, LDL and HDL was noticed and among which Total Cholesterol and VLDL are significant. Surprisingly the LDL content was almost similar to the corresponding control value and decrease in HDL was not significant. A statistically very highly significant increase in the sGPT sGOT and ALP activities in the plasma of male rats was found while in the female rats it has been showed a statistically very highly significant decrease in sGPT and sGOT but ALP activities in the plasma was statistically insignificant

Ancient and Modern Steganography

Steganography is an art of putting information in a medium without causing significant and statistically difference in the medium. The word steganography conjoins words “steganos” which means covert and “graphein” meaning writing, which means hidden writing. Steganography is although not a new art and had been used during the ancient times. The steganography process has changed from ancient times to digital age but the concept remained the same. This paper will discuss on various methods used during ancient times and evolution and used in recent times

Exploring Different Techniques in Steganography and Steganalysis

Communication has various forms and it is a significant part in our daily life starting from ancient era. Technology changes from time to time so as the mode of communication. Steganography is an art of secret communication. There are various types of steganography like text, images, audio and video. Steganalysis is a study of detecting hidden messages using steganography. This paper intends to explore different techniques used in steganography and steganalysis

Long Noncoding RNA: A Novel Insight into the Pathogenesis of Acute Lung Injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) and its severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), represent an acute stage of lung inflammation where the alveolar epithelium loses its functionality. ALI has a devastating impact on the population as it not only has a high rate of incidence, but also has high rates of morbidity and mortality. Due to the involvement of multiple factors, the pathogenesis of ALI is complex and is not fully understood yet. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of non-protein-coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. Growing evidence has shown that lncRNAs have a decisive role in the pathogenesis of ALI. LncRNAs can either promote or hinder the development of ALI in various cell types in the lungs. Mechanistically, current studies have found that lncRNAs play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of ALI via the regulation of small RNAs (e.g., microRNAs) or downstream proteins. Undoubtedly, lncRNAs not only have the potential to reveal the underlying mechanisms of ALI pathogenesis but also serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for the therapy of ALI

Miniaturized Circularly Polarized Stacked Patch Antenna on Reactive Impedance Surface for Dual-Band ISM and WiMAX Applications

This paper proposes a compact microstrip patch antenna for operating in 2.4 GHz ISM and 3.5 GHz WiMAX bands with circularly polarized (CP) radiation. The CP radiation in dual-bands is a result of two multilayered truncated corner stacked square patches, while the reactive impedance surface (RIS) is used for antenna size miniaturization for the lower operating frequency band. Since the overall lateral antenna dimensions are controlled by the lower frequency band (higher wavelength), reducing the electrical size of the antenna for lower band results in overall smaller antenna dimensions. The measured 3-dB axial ratio bandwidths of the in-house fabricated antenna prototype are 6.1% (2.40–2.55 GHz) for the lower band and 5.7% (3.40–3.60 GHz) for the upper band, while the 10-dB S11 bandwidths for the two bands are 8.1% (2.39–2.59 GHz) and 6.9% (3.38–3.62 GHz), respectively. The maximum gain at boresight for the lower band is 2.93 dBic at 2.5 GHz, while the gain for the upper band is 6.26 dBic at 3.52 GHz. The overall volume of the proposed antenna is 0.292λo × 0.292λo × 0.044λo, where λo is the corresponding free-space wavelength at 2.5 GHz

Long Noncoding RNA: A Novel Insight into the Pathogenesis of Acute Lung Injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) and its severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), represent an acute stage of lung inflammation where the alveolar epithelium loses its functionality. ALI has a devastating impact on the population as it not only has a high rate of incidence, but also has high rates of morbidity and mortality. Due to the involvement of multiple factors, the pathogenesis of ALI is complex and is not fully understood yet. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of non-protein-coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. Growing evidence has shown that lncRNAs have a decisive role in the pathogenesis of ALI. LncRNAs can either promote or hinder the development of ALI in various cell types in the lungs. Mechanistically, current studies have found that lncRNAs play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of ALI via the regulation of small RNAs (e.g., microRNAs) or downstream proteins. Undoubtedly, lncRNAs not only have the potential to reveal the underlying mechanisms of ALI pathogenesis but also serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for the therapy of ALI

Adaptation of Proteasomes and Lysosomes to Cellular Environments

Protein degradation is important for proper cellular physiology as it removes malfunctioning proteins or can provide a source for energy. Proteasomes and lysosomes, through the regulatory particles or adaptor proteins, respectively, recognize proteins destined for degradation. These systems have developed mechanisms to allow adaptation to the everchanging environment of the cell. While the complex recognition of proteins to be degraded is somewhat understood, the mechanisms that help switch the proteasomal regulatory particles or lysosomal adaptor proteins to adjust to the changing landscape of degrons, during infections or inflammation, still need extensive exploration. Therefore, this review is focused on describing the protein degradation systems and the possible sensors that may trigger the rapid adaptation of the protein degradation machinery