13 research outputs found
The worldwide NORM production and a fully automated gamma-ray spectrometer for their characterization
Materials containing radionuclides of natural origin, which is modified by
human made processes and being subject to regulation because of their
radioactivity are known as NORM. We present a brief review of the main
categories of non-nuclear industries together with the levels of activity
concentration in feed raw materials, products and waste, including mechanisms
of radioisotope enrichments. The global management of NORM shows a high level
of complexity, mainly due to different degrees of radioactivity enhancement and
the huge amount of worldwide waste production. The future tendency of
guidelines concerning environmental protection will require both a systematic
monitoring based on the ever-increasing sampling and high performance of gamma
ray spectroscopy. On the ground of these requirements a new low background
fully automated high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometer MCA_Rad has been
developed. The design of Pb and Cu shielding allowed to reach a background
reduction of two order of magnitude with respect to laboratory radioactivity. A
severe lowering of manpower cost is obtained through a fully automation system,
which enables up to 24 samples to be measured without any human attendance. Two
coupled HPGe detectors increase the detection efficiency, performing accurate
measurements on sample volume (180 cc) with a reduction of sample transport
cost of material. Details of the instrument calibration method are presented.
MCA_Rad system can measure in less than one hour a typical NORM sample enriched
in U and Th with some hundreds of Bq/kg, with an overall uncertainty less than
5%. Quality control of this method has been tested. Measurements of certified
reference materials RGK-1, RGU-2 and RGTh-1 containing concentrations of K, U
and Th comparable to NORM have been performed, resulting an overall relative
discrepancy of 5% among central values within the reported uncertainty.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures, 6 table
Radiological impact of phosphogypsum surface application in a no-till system in Southern Brazil
Assessment of metals by instrumental neutron activation analysis in six fish species consumed in the city of São Paulo
The objective of this work is to quantify the concentration of the metals As, Co, Cs, Fe, K, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Th, U and Zn in the muscles of six fish species (anchovy, brycon, catfish, hake, pacu and sardine). Metals characterization was performed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The elements determination was made by irradiation of approximately 150 mg of each sample (dry weight), during 16 hours at a neutron flux of 1012 n.cm-2.s-1 in the nuclear research reactor IEA-R1 of Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN). Most of the results for the metals concentration is low, exception for As and Zn in seawater fish and for Rb in river fish. The results obtained in this study can be used to ensure the quality of the fish consumed in the city of São Paulo
Distribution of potentially toxic elements in the Brazilian phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizers
The Brazilian phosphate fertilizer is obtained by wet reaction of the igneous phosphate rock with concentrated sulphuric acid, giving as final product phosphoric acid and dehydrated calcium sulphate (phosphogypsum) as by-product. Phosphoric acid is the raw material for the production of phosphate fertilizers (SSP, TSP, MAP and DAP). Phosphogypsum waste is stored in stacks, since its level of impurities (metals and radionuclides among others) prevent its safe reutilization. However, part of this waste is used to improve fertility of agricultural soils. The main aim of this paper is to determine the levels of potentially toxic elements in phosphate fertilizers and phosphogypsum produced in Brazil. The elements Co and Cr were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis and As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed by ICP-OES. The results obtained are lower than the limits established by the Brazilian regulatory agency for metals in fertilizers and soil conditioner
Distribution of potentially toxic elements in the Brazilian phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizers
The Brazilian phosphate fertilizer is obtained by wet reaction of the igneous phosphate rock with concentrated sulphuric acid, giving as final product phosphoric acid and dehydrated calcium sulphate (phosphogypsum) as by-product. Phosphoric acid is the raw material for the production of phosphate fertilizers (SSP, TSP, MAP and DAP). Phosphogypsum waste is stored in stacks, since its level of impurities (metals and radionuclides among others) prevent its safe reutilization. However, part of this waste is used to improve fertility of agricultural soils. The main aim of this paper is to determine the levels of potentially toxic elements in phosphate fertilizers and phosphogypsum produced in Brazil. The elements Co and Cr were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis and As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed by ICP-OES. The results obtained are lower than the limits established by the Brazilian regulatory agency for metals in fertilizers and soil conditioner