Crude oil yield and properties of rice bran oil from different varieties as affected by extraction conditions using soxhterm method

The current study was employed to investigate the effect of solvent type, extraction time and bran ratio on the rice bran oil (RBO) properties from three varieties of rice bran namely Bario, lowland and upland rice. RBO was extracted by using soxtherm extraction method using methanol solvent at different extraction time (3, 4 and 5 h) and bran ratio (10, 20 and 30 g). Free fatty acid (FFA), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant properties were assessed. Solvent that has low polarity exhibited the attraction of polar component of oil with the highest yield by ethanol (16.16%), followed by methanol (15.38%). FFA contents occurred higher in lowland types of rice bran in all types of solvents at P<0.05 with ethanol (12.73%), methanol (11.96%) and hexane (11.13%), while the total phenolic content and antioxidant properties were influenced by the types of rice bran and solvents used for extracting components out of the bran. The highest phenolic content in the crude oil was extracted using ethanol in lowland (0.509 mg/ml), and the lowest was extracted by hexane in Bario (0.061 mg/ml). The highest antioxidant activity was observed in RBO extracted using methanol of lowland (73.74%) and RBO extracted using ethanol of upland (73.65%), while the lowest were observed in RBO extracted using hexane. The different types of solvent have the significant impact on the crude oil yield and properties of crude oil extracted

Nonrandom Distribution of Vector Ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) Infected by Francisella tularensis

The island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, is the site of a sustained outbreak of tularemia due to Francisella tularensis tularensis. Dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis, appear to be critical in the perpetuation of the agent there. Tularemia has long been characterized as an agent of natural focality, stably persisting in characteristic sites of transmission, but this suggestion has never been rigorously tested. Accordingly, we sought to identify a natural focus of transmission of the agent of tularemia by mapping the distribution of PCR-positive ticks. From 2004 to 2007, questing D. variabilis were collected from 85 individual waypoints along a 1.5 km transect in a field site on Martha's Vineyard. The positions of PCR-positive ticks were then mapped using ArcGIS. Cluster analysis identified an area approximately 290 meters in diameter, 9 waypoints, that was significantly more likely to yield PCR-positive ticks (relative risk 3.3, P = 0.001) than the rest of the field site. Genotyping of F. tularensis using variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis on PCR-positive ticks yielded 13 different haplotypes, the vast majority of which was one dominant haplotype. Positive ticks collected in the cluster were 3.4 times (relative risk = 3.4, P<0.0001) more likely to have an uncommon haplotype than those collected elsewhere from the transect. We conclude that we have identified a microfocus where the agent of tularemia stably perpetuates and that this area is where genetic diversity is generated

Paper Session 2-C: The Ransom Trilogy

Being Hnau ; The Imago Dei as Explored in Gulliver\u27s Travels and the Space Trilogy - Abby Palmisano Through the Lens of The Four Loves: The Concept of Love in Perelandra - Paulette Sauders It is my contention that when C.S. Lewis wrote his non-fiction book The Four Loves and published it in 1960, he had not been thinking about love in all of its manifestations except for just a short time before it was written. All of the fictional works he wrote over the years, beginning in at least 1938, reflect his definitions and descriptions of the various kinds of love and their perversions that he systematically describes so well in The Four Loves. He does this in his fiction through his various characters and their actions. I will focus on Perelandra in order to reveal the ways Lewis shows the reader the four kinds of love and their perversions instead of just defining and discussing love as he does in The Four Loves. Separation from the King: Tinidril and Susan\u27s Temptation in the Desert - Kat D. Coffin Temptation is a recurring theme in Lewis\u27s works--particularly in the second book of the Cosmic Trilogy, Perelandra. Temptation frames the novel, the choices Ransom makes, and danger Tinidril faces. In Perelandra, Maleldil sends Ransom as an envoy to Venus, to help protect Tinidril from disobeying God. But there was no such savior for Susan Pevensie, in the Chronicles of Narnia, when she succumbed to earthly temptations instead of her Narnian destiny. She is given a few brief lines that explain her absence from the final battle. Her interest is now for lipsticks and nylons and party invitations . This paper will be a continuation of work shared at the last Colloquium, where I considered the redemptive themes between Susan and Orual (Till We Have Faces). In continuing my study of Susan Pevensie, a much maligned and underrated character, I intend to shift to the theme of Christian temptation. This paper will seek to examine parallels between two female leaders of fantastic worlds, their varying temptations, and what Lewis might be attempting to convey about Christian temptation. Perhaps the idea of Christian temptation is not a gendered fate towards women in particular, but something all Christians must overcome

Modeling of Spatially Referenced Environmental and Meteorological Factors Influencing the Probability of Listeria Species Isolation from Natural Environments ▿

Many pathogens have the ability to survive and multiply in abiotic environments, representing a possible reservoir and source of human and animal exposure. Our objective was to develop a methodological framework to study spatially explicit environmental and meteorological factors affecting the probability of pathogen isolation from a location. Isolation of Listeria spp. from the natural environment was used as a model system. Logistic regression and classification tree methods were applied, and their predictive performances were compared. Analyses revealed that precipitation and occurrence of alternating freezing and thawing temperatures prior to sample collection, loam soil, water storage to a soil depth of 50 cm, slope gradient, and cardinal direction to the north are key predictors for isolation of Listeria spp. from a spatial location. Different combinations of factors affected the probability of isolation of Listeria spp. from the soil, vegetation, and water layers of a location, indicating that the three layers represent different ecological niches for Listeria spp. The predictive power of classification trees was comparable to that of logistic regression. However, the former were easier to interpret, making them more appealing for field applications. Our study demonstrates how the analysis of a pathogen's spatial distribution improves understanding of the predictors of the pathogen's presence in a particular location and could be used to propose novel control strategies to reduce human and animal environmental exposure

Introduction of materials modelling into processing simulation

The introduction of materials modelling into computer-aided engineering (CAE) processing simulation has become popular in recent years, whereas the fundamental challenge lies in the development of material models that can calculate the properties essential for processing design and simulation. This paper reviews the recent development of such models and the material data that can be calculated include physical, thermophysical, and mechanical properties, as well as phase transformation kinetics. The calculated material data has been used as input to numerous CAE packages for the simulation of casting, welding, forming and heat treatments. Two case studies are presented here, one on the simulation of residual stress in linear friction welding of titanium alloys, and the other on the prediction of distortion and residual stress in heat-treated large steel rings.</jats:p