23 research outputs found
Analysis of epigenetic alterations in homologous recombination dna repair genes in male breast cancer
Background: Male breast cancer (BC) is a distinct neoplasm with low but rising incidence, frequently diagnosed as advanced stage disease. Considering the relevance of altered homologous recombination repair (HRR) in male BC, we aimed to explore the biomarker potential of aberrant promoter methylation of ATM, BRCA1, PALB2, RAD51B, and XRCC3. Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from 128 male BC patients, paired adjacent normal tissue and 19 gynecomastia cases were collected and assessed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP). Non-parametric tests were used to compare methylation levels between tumor and non-tumor samples and to seek for associations with clinicopathological variables. Results: Only RAD51B and XRCC3 disclosed significant differences between tumor and gynecomastia (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.020, respectively). Assembled in a panel, RAD51B and XRCC3 promoter methylation discriminated male BC from gynecomastia with 91.5% sensitivity, 89.5% specificity, and 91.2% accuracy. Moreover, promoter methylation levels were lower in paired non-tumor tissues, comparing to tumor samples. No associations were found between epigenetic alterations and clinicopathological features, as well as with RAD51 and XRCC3 immunoexpression and methylation levels. Conclusion: Quantitative promoter methylation of RAD51B and XRCC3 constitutes a promising and accurate biomarker for male BC. Validation in larger series and in liquid biopsies is warranted to confirm its usefulness in detection and monitoring settings.publishersversionpublishe
Male Breast Cancer—Immunohistochemical Patterns and Clinical Relevance of FASN, ATF3, and Collagen IV
Background: Male breast carcinoma (male BC) is an uncommon neoplasia without individualized strategies for diagnosis and therapeutics. Low overall survival (OS) rates have been reported, mostly associated with patients’ advanced stage and older age. Intratumoral heterogeneity versus homogeneity of malignant epithelial cells seems to be an important factor to consider for the development of combination therapies with curative intention. Objective: In this preliminary study, we aim to provide valuable insight into the distinct clinicopathologic features of male BC. Material and methods: In a series of 40 male BC patients, we evaluated by immunohistochemistry androgen receptor; activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3); p16; cyclin D1; fatty acid synthase (FASN); fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1); β1, β3, β4, and β6 integrins; collagen I and collagen IV; and their interactions. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests were assessed for statistical analysis. Results: Homogeneous epithelial staining of p16, ATF3, β6 integrin, FASN, and FATP1 was found to be significantly intercorrelated, and associated with high Ki67. These markers also stained tumor stromal fibroblasts. The prognostic analysis showed statistically significant associations of FASN with disease-free survival (DFS) and OS, as well as of ATF3 with OS and collagen IV with DFS. Conclusions: This study highlights, as a novel finding, the relevance of FASN, ATF3, and collagen IV immunophenotypes, which may have innovative application in the clinical management of male BC.publishersversionpublishe
Immunocytochemistry in lung fine needle aspiration cytology: comparison of four protocols
Introdução – A preservação a longo prazo de lâminas de citologia aspirativa por agulha fina (CAAF) é um requisito essencial nos laboratórios de citopatologia para a posterior realização de imunocitoquímica (ICQ). A ICQ contribui para um diagnóstico correto e completo, sendo essencial a preservação morfológica e antigénica a longo prazo para obter resultados confiáveis. Neste estudo pretende-se avaliar a imunoexpressão dos antigénios TTF1, p40 e cromogranina A em amostras de CAAF do pulmão retiradas do arquivo e coradas pelos métodos de: i) Papanicolaou (Pap); ii) May-Grünwald Giemsa (MGG); iii) preservadas em polietilenoglicol (PEG); e iv) processadas como citobloco (CB). Métodos – Foram selecionados do arquivo 24 exames de CAAF com diagnóstico de carcinoma primário do pulmão, com amostra processada por cada um dos protocolos em estudo (Pap, MGG, PEG e CB). Com base no diagnóstico foi realizada imunomarcação com anticorpos primários anti-TTF1 (adenocarcinomas), antí-p40 (carcinomas pavimentocelulares) e anti-cromogranina A (carcinomas neuroendócrinos). A qualidade da imunomarcação foi aferida por dois avaliadores independentes com recurso a uma escala, com classificação entre 0 e 27 pontos, e que compreende os parâmetros: preservação morfológica, intensidade da marcação específica, sensibilidade, especificidade e contraste. Resultados – A pontuação média obtida para os métodos Pap, MGG, PEG e CB foi de 21,58 (±4,54), 11,79 (±1,88), 22,25 (±5,30), 26,31 (±1,21) pontos, respetivamente. O CB conseguiu resultados superiores aos restantes protocolos em estudo (p<0,05). Quando comparados os protocolos a par (post-hoc de Tuckey), os únicos que não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre si foram Pap e PEG (p=0,814). Conclusões – O CB é o protocolo de eleição para a realização de ICQ nas amostras e para os antigénios em estudo. Os métodos Pap e PEG apresentaram perda de imunormarcação, podendo levar a resultados falso-negativos. O protocolo de MGG não obteve imunomarcação em nenhuma amostra.ABSTRACT: Background – Long-term preservation of fine-needle aspiration cytology slides is an essential requirement in cytopathology laboratories for the eventual performance of immunocytochemistry. ICQ contributes to a correct and complete diagnosis, considering that long-term morphological and antigenic preservation is essential to obtain reliable results. In this study, we intend to evaluate and compare the immunoexpression of TTF1, p40, and chromogranin A antigens in lung samples taken from the archive and stained with: i) Papanicolaou (Pap); ii) May-Grünwald Giemsa (MGG); iii) preserved in polyethylene glycol (PEG); and iv) processed as cell-block. Methods – Twenty-four fine needle aspiration cytology samples diagnosed as primary lung carcinoma with a sample processed by each of the protocols studied (Pap, MGG, PEG, and CB) were selected from the archive. Based on the diagnosis, immunostaining was performed with primary antibodies anti-TTF1 (adenocarcinomas), anti-p40 (squamous cell carcinomas), and anti-chromogranin A (neuroendocrine carcinomas). The quality of immunostaining was evaluated by two independent observers using an evaluation grid (rated from 0 to 27 points) that comprises parameters as: morphological preservation, specific staining intensity, sensitivity, specificity, and contrast. Results – The mean values obtained for CB, PEG, Pap, and MGG protocols were 21.58 (±4.54), 11.79 (±1.88), 22.25 (±5.30), 26.31 (±1.21) points respectively. CB achieved better results when compared to other protocols under study (p<0.05). When compared in pairs (Tuckey post-hoc) the only protocols that did not show statistically significant differences were Pap and PEG (p=0.0814). Conclusions – Cellblock is the elected protocol to perform ICQ for the samples and antigens under study. The Pap and PEG protocols showed a loss of immunostaining, which could lead to false-negative results. Immunostaining was not observed in any sample with the MGG protocol.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Evaluation of PIK3CA mutations in advanced ER+/HER2-breast cancer in Portugal – U-PIK Project
Background: Around 40% of ER+/HER2-breast carcinomas (BC) present mutations in the PIK3CA gene. Assessment of PIK3CA mutational status is required to identify patients eligible for treatment with PI3Kα inhibitors, with alpelisib currently the only approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor in this setting. U-PIK project aimed to conduct a ring trial to validate and implement the PIK3CA mutation testing in several Portuguese centers, decentralizing it and optimizing its quality at national level.Methods: Eight Tester centers selected two samples of patients with advanced ER+/HER2- BC and generated eight replicates of each (n = 16). PIK3CA mutational status was assessed in two rounds. Six centers used the cobas®PIK3CA mutation test, and two used PCR and Sanger sequencing. In parallel, two reference centers (IPATIMUP and the Portuguese Institute of Oncology [IPO]-Porto) performed PIK3CA mutation testing by NGS in the two rounds. The quality of molecular reports describing the results was also assessed. Testing results and molecular reports were received and analyzed by U-PIK coordinators: IPATIMUP, IPO-Porto, and IPO-Lisboa.Results: Overall, five centers achieved a concordance rate with NGS results (allele frequency [AF] ≥5%) of 100%, one of 94%, one of 93%, and one of 87.5%, considering the overall performance in the two testing rounds. NGS reassessment of discrepancies in the results of the methods used by the Tester centers and the reference centers identified one probable false positive and two mutations with low AF (1–3%, at the analytical sensitivity threshold), interpreted as subclonal variants with heterogeneous representation in the tissue sections processed by the respective centers. The analysis of molecular reports revealed the need to implement the use of appropriate sequence variant nomenclature with the identification of reference sequences (HGVS-nomenclature) and to state the tumor cell content in each sample.Conclusion: The concordance rates between the method used by each tester center and NGS validate the use of the PIK3CA mutational status test performed at these centers in clinical practice in patients with advanced ER+/HER2- BC
Carcinogénese do Carcinoma da Mama Masculina
O carcinoma da mama masculina é uma neoplasia pouco comum, mas com incidência crescente, que se tem destacado nos últimos anos como um subtipo de carcinoma da mama, multifatorial e com características próprias. É frequentemente diagnosticado em estádio avançado e não existem estratégias individualizadas para diagnóstico, terapêutica ou seguimento clínico, que se baseiam no carcinoma da mama feminina. O nosso objetivo major é contribuir para a caracterização desta neoplasia, pela identificação de fatores biológicos com potencial para inovar a abordagem clínica. Para conseguir este objetivo integrámos nesta tese, três artigos principais. No primeiro, selecionámos uma série de 196 casos de carcinoma da MM, avaliámos parâmetros clínico-patológicos utilizados na prática clínica como fatores prognósticos e preditivos, pesquisámos o status da mutação germinal BRCA (gBRCA) e a ploidia do ADN, identificámos a associação destes parâmetros com o intervalo livre de doença (ILD) e com a sobrevivência global (SG). O objetivo foi obter uma série de casos bem estruturados para estudo subsequente. No segundo estudo, considerámos a importância da recombinação homóloga na reparação do ADN e explorámos o potencial da metilação
aberrante do promotor de 5 genes na deteção e/ ou monotorização do carcinoma da mama masculina, tanto mais porque há um interesse crescente na compreensão da base molecular da sensibilidade aos inibidores da PARP (PARPi) em doentes com deficiente reparação por recombinação homóloga sem mutações BRCA1/2. No terceiro estudo, o nosso propósito foi utilizar a imunohistoquímica (IHQ) em TMAs para avaliar padrões de biomarcadores epiteliais e do estroma com potencial valor prognóstico e/ou preditivo e passíveis de aplicação na prática clínica do carcinoma da mama masculina
Clinical case. Large sized inflammated odontogenic cyst in a previously injured single lower incisor
One of the consequences of traumatic injuries is the chance of aseptic pulp necrosis to occur which in time may became infected and give origin to periapical pathosis. Although the apical granulomas and cysts are a common condition, there appearance as an extremely large radiolucent image is a rare finding. Differential diagnosis with other radiographic-like pathologies, such as keratocystic odontogenic tumour or unicystic ameloblastoma, is mandatory. The purpose of this paper is to report a very large radicular cyst caused by a single mandibular incisor traumatized long back, in a 60-year-old male. Medical and clinical histories were obtained, radiographic and cone beam CT examinations performed and an initial incisional biopsy was done. The final decision was to perform a surgical enucleation of a lesion, 51.4 mm in length. The enucleated tissue biopsy analysis was able to render the diagnosis as an inflammatory odontogenic cyst. A 2 year follow-up showed complete bone recovery
Introdução
A discussão acerca da regionalização do território do continente português parece querer regressar ao debate político, mas também científico. Uma das questões mais polémicas e controversas da sociedade portuguesa, pelas implicações que pode ter ao nível da reorganização político-administrativa do território e, consequentemente, dos equilíbrios de poderes entre os diversos níveis de governação, a regionalização alimenta o debate entre os defensores deste modelo de organização administrativa do território e os seus críticos
Neoplasias malignas síncronas: um diagnóstico citológico pouco frequente
A ocorrência simultânea de duas neoplasias malignas primárias é uma condição pouco frequente, predisposta por fatores ambientais e genéticos. Descrevemos o caso clínico de uma mulher de 50 anos, fumadora, com diagnóstico de linfoma linfocítico/ leucemia linfocítica crónica (LLC). Após a deteção de um nódulo no lobo superior do pulmão direito e de múltiplas adenopatias mediastínicas, foi efetuada broncofibroscopia com citologia aspirativa transbrônquica por agulha fina guiada por ecografia endobrônquica dirigida aos gânglios linfáticos mediastínicos. Na amostra citológica identificaram-se células epiteliais malignas, que expressavam a proteína Fator de Transcrição da Tiroide 1 (TTF1) por imunocitoquímica, e uma população monomórfica de linfócitos cuja análise por citometria de fluxo caracterizou como linfoma linfocítico. Concluímos a existência de duas neoplasias no mesmo grupo adenopático: linfoma linfocítico e metástase de adenocarcinoma do pulmão. Este caso confirma os dados da literatura, que recomendam que o follow-up dos doentes com LLC deve contemplar a procura de tumores sólidos, dado estes doentes terem maior probabilidade de os desenvolver, nomeadamente tumores primários do pulmão, sendo o adenocarcinoma o mais frequente.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Carcinossarcoma: estudo de caso em citologia ginecológica
O carcinossarcoma uterino, ou tumor mülleriano misto maligno, é um tumor raro, que compreende 2-5% dos tumores malignos do útero, com origem nos canais embrionários denominados canais müllerianos, que dão origem aos componentes epitelial e mesenquimatoso do órgão. O carcinossarcoma tem mau prognóstico e a taxa de sobrevida aos 5 anos é de 33-39%. Desenvolve-se geralmente em mulheres pós-menopausa, com idade superior a 60 anos, sem antecedentes ginecológicos, com maior incidência em mulheres obesas, hipertensas, nulíparas e/ou diabéticas. A sintomatologia inclui piometra, hemorragia vaginal, dor abdominal e massa abdominal