Energy spectra of flow past a circular cylinder

Unsteady flow past a circular cylinder is computed for 100≤Re≤107. A stabilized finite element formulation is utilized to solve the incompressible flow equations in the primitive variables form. Close to the cylinder and in the wake region, the finite element mesh has very high resolution. The phenomenon of drag crisis (sudden drop in drag v/s Re at Re~2×105) is captured by the present, two-dimensional, computations. With an increase in Re the transition point of the shear layer, separated from the cylinder surface, moves up-stream. Our computations indicate that at the critical Re the instability reaches the point of flow separation and energizes the local flow causing it to re-attach. Energy spectra for these highly resolved flows at various Re are computed and the effect of various parameters involved in their calculation is investigated. It is found that despite the high shear in the flow, the kinetic energy shows the same structure as observed for 2D isotropic turbulence. For large Re flows it is found that the energy, E(k), varies as k-5/3 below the energy injection wave number and as k-3 for higher wave numbers

Incidental finding of malignant transformation of dermoid cyst in squamous cell carcinoma: a case report

Benign cystic mature teratomas are the most common variant of ovarian germ cell tumors (OGCTs) accounting for more than 95 percent of ovarian teratomas and is almost invariably benign. Malignant transformation occurs in 0.2 to 2 percent of dermoid and comprise of 2.9 percent of all malignant OGCTs. A 58-year-old postmenopausal lady presented with adnexal mass. Her CA-125 was 123 U/ml, CEA-1.71. Ascitic fluid cytology was negative for malignancy. CT scan showed left adnexal mass 5.8x5.2 cm and ascites was present. After surgical staging, a diagnosis of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in dermoid cyst of left ovary FIGO stage 1C2 was made.

THERMOREVERSIBLE IN-SITU NASAL GEL FORMULATIONS AND THEIR PHARMACEUTICAL EVALUATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALLERGIC RHINITIS CONTAINING EXTRACTS OF MORINGA OLIFERA AND EMBELIA RIBES

Objective: The present study was planned to develop thermo-reversible in-situ gel for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). The objective of the present investigation was to develop a mucoadhesive in-situ gel with reduced nasal mucocilliary clearance to improve the local effect of the polyherbal extract in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). The prolonged residence of drug formulation in the nasal cavity is one of utmost importance for intranasal drug delivery. The prepared formulations were subjected for gelling temperature, gelling time, viscosity, gel strength, pH, drug content, mucoadhesive strength, spread ability and irritancy studies.Methods: In the study the pluronic F127 (PF127) based mucoadhesive in-situ nasal gels containing Moringa olifera (MO) and Embelia ribes (ER) extracts were used having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. A polyherbal thermosensitive in-situ hydrogel was designed and evaluated by the mixing of pluronic F127, poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG400) and Xanthan gum with a small amount of (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) HPMC K4M and Carbopol 934. Total 13 thermosensitive in-situ gels of extracts were prepared through combination of HPMC K4M or Carbopol or xanthan gum and PF127. All the preparations were investigated, and the selected method for gel formation underwent the thermal transition from sol to hydrogel.Results: The mucoadhesive gel after being administered into the nasal cavity, get transformed into the viscous hydrogel at body temperature, which diminished nasal mucociliary clearance and prolonged the duration of action. The in-situ nasal herbal gel prepared by combination of different concentration of to HPMC K4M or carbopol or xanthan gum with PF127 (10% w/v) produces the better and effective gel. The findings of evaluation parameter indicate that the in-situ gel prepared by combination with corbopol were better quality compared to HPMC K4M and xanthan gum.Conclusion: From these findings, it can be concluded that in-situ herbal nasal gels may be potential drug delivery systems for Moringa olifera and Embelia ribes extracts to overcome first-pass metabolism and thereby to improve the bioavailability. The mucoadhesive in-situ gel system is a promising approach for the intranasal delivery of polyherbal extracts for the therapeutic effects improvement of Allergic rhinitis

Methods, potentials, and limitations of gene delivery to regenerate central nervous system cells

This review evaluates methods, success and limitations of transgenes delivery in central nervous system (CNS). Both viral and nonviral (such as liposome mediated) methods, expression and stability of transgenes have been discussed. The controlled expression and delivery techniques of transgene at the injured or diseased sites have also been discussed. Mifepristone (RU486) and tetracycline-based switch system for controlled expression could be a very useful tool for clinical purposes. Here we emphasized the importance and consequences of viral- and nonviral-mediated transgenes transfer and therapeutic ability along with advantages of controlled expressions

Comparative analysis of efficacy and adverse effects of tacrolimus vs cyclosporine in chronic dry eye disease: a tertiary care hospital based study

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is the very common and underdiagnosed ocular condition affecting vision, quality of life, and the outcomes of cataract or refractive surgery. Dry eye disease (DED), either alone or in combination with other conditions, is a frequent cause of ocular irritation that leads the patients to seek ophthalmic care. Due to a wide variety of presenting symptoms, it is often unrecognized and this causes great frustration of the patient and treating physician. While these symptoms often improve with appropriate treatment, usually in majority of the cases the disease may not be curable. Aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of tacrolimus and cyclosporine in dry eye disease.Methods: This was a single centred, 3 months prospective study. Patients with unilateral or bilateral dry eye disease and an ocular surface disease index score >12, atleast one eye with schirmer score <5mm and TBUT <10 s were enrolled in the study. The enrolled patients were randomly divided into two groups, twenty-five patients in Group 1 and twenty three patients in Group 2 completed the follow up. Group 1(n =25) who received 0.03% tacrolimus eye ointment twice daily for consecutive 3 months and Group 2 (n= 23) received 0.05% cyclosporine eye drops twice daily for consecutive 3 months the primary efficacy outcome was Schirmer score after 3 months. The secondary outcomes were TBUT and adverse effects.Results: After 3 months, both the treatment groups showed significant improvement in mean Schirmer score (p<0.001) and mean TBUT (p <0.0001). However, on comparing both the groups, mean Schirmer score and mean TBUT, results were comparable. No patient discontinued treatment because of minor ocular adverse effects.Conclusions: Dry eye patients demonstrated improvement in Schirmer score and TBUT after 3 months of treatment with tacrolimus 0.03% ointment and cyclosporine 0.05% eye drops

Visible-Light Photocatalysed Cyanation of Benzylic C−H Bonds

Visible light-driven single-electron transfer-based direct cyanation of benzylic C-H bond with non-toxic N-Cyano-N-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) has been proposed using 4CzIPN, a widely used and affordable substitute for metal catalysts. The aforementioned method offers broad functional group tolerance, extensive substrate scope, excellent yields, and mild reaction conditions. This green and sustainable photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer method can be applicable for the diversified functionalization of a variety of native C–H bonds

On Bayes and Nash experimental designs for hypothesis testing problems

In this communication we examine the relationship between maxi–min, Bayes and Nash designs for some hypothesis testing problems. In particular we consider the problem of sample allocation in the standard analysis of variance framework and show that the maxi–min design is also a Bayes solution with respect to the least favourable prior, as well as a solution to a game theoretic problem, which we refer to as a Nash design. In addition, an extension to tests for order is provided. © 2020, Institute of Mathematical Statistics. All rights reserved

RISE AND FALL IN SARS-COV-2 GLOBAL PANDEMIC STRAIN RATE–AN OVERVIEW

After its discovery in Hubei in China in December 2019, the deadly rise of modern coronavirus (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV) has spread globally. SARS-CoV-2 disease COVID-19 has quickly spread worldwide, posing a serious threat to health and the economy. As of 25th January 2021, more than 100 million confirmed cases of 2,165,581 deaths have been reported by WHO and Worldometer. Many of the cases reported are caused by infection from human to human and are the carriers of this lethal coronavirus. Due to its calamitous nature, the whole world was under lockdown restricting all sorts of movements and means of transportation in hampering the countries economic balance. Presently, the world's endeavor to create and develop a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine is bearing the fruit. A handful of vaccines now have been authorized around the globe and many more remain in the development phase. In addition, social isolation and knowledge of hygiene (facial masks and sanitizers) are potential methods of controlling the further dissemination of global pandemics COVID-19. This research article presents a brief overview of the catastrophic effect caused by COVID-19 disease globally and particularly in different states of India. Additionally, the article also discusses the recent variant of SARS-CoV-2 and its vulnerable impact. Furthermore, the article investigates the currently available vaccines and those in their development phase for the treatment of COVID-19 disease. This investigatory literature may provide comprehensive details on COVID-19 disease from its inception to grow and later fall in its strain rate

Design and analysis of SOI and SELBOX junctionless FinFET at sub-15 nm technology node

The structural and operational characteristics of a silicon on insulator (SOI) junctionless (JL) FinFET have been compared with the selective buried oxide (SELBOX) JL FinFET for 15 nm gate length and beyond using simulation studies. Simulations have been performed using silvaco TCAD (Atlas 3-D Module). SELBOX JL FinFET device has shown ~10 times improvement in ION/IOFF ratio with respect to the SOI JL FinFET. The SELBOX based device has subthreshold slope (SS) value of 69.08 mV/Dec whereas this is 84.1 mV/Dec for SOI based device. SELBOX JL FinFET has DIBL value of 31.57 mV/V whereas this is 119 mV/V for SOI JL FinFET. The comparison results, discussed, are for the channel length (gate length) of 15 nm. Furthermore, short-channel characteristics for the n-channel and p-channel SELBOX JL FinFET have been discussed. For channel length of 5 nm (which is a future technology node for mass production of semiconductor devices and systems), SELBOX device has shown favourable value of ION/IOFF ratio as 106 and SS as 96.86 mV/Dec. SELBOX JL FinFET has shown more immunity towards self-heating effect compared to the SOI JL FinFET. Performance of the SELBOX JL FinFET can be enhanced further independently by tuning various parameters such as the buried oxide thickness, the gap between buried oxide layers, substrate doping, and substrate bias